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NAME
zshbuiltins - zsh built-in functions
DESCRIPTIONS
- simple command
See the secion PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS in zshmisc(1).
. file [ arg ... ]
Read commands from file and execute them in the current
shell environment. If file does not contain a slash,
or if PATH_DIRS is set, the shell looks in the com-
ponents of path to find the directory containing file.
Files in the current directory are not read unless "."
appears somewhere in path. If any arguments arg are
given, they become the positional parameters; the old
positional parameters are restored when the file is
done executing. The exit status is the exit status of
the last command executed.
: [ arg ... ]
This command only expands parameters. A zero exit code
is returned.
alias [ -gmrL ] [ name[=value] ] ...
For each name with a corresponding value, define an
alias with that value. A trailing space in value
causes the next word to be checked for alias substitu-
tion. If the -g flag is present, define a global
alias; global aliases are expanded even if they do not
occur in command position. For each name with no
value, print the value of name, if any. With no argu-
ments, print all currently defined aliases. If the -m
flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (they
should be quoted to preserve them from being inter-
preted as glob patterns) and the aliases matching these
patterns are printed. When printing aliases and the -g
or -r flags are present, then restrict the printing to
global or regular aliases, respectively. If the -L
flag is present, then print each alias in a manner
suitable for putting in a startup script. The exit
status is nonzero if a name (with no value) is given
for which no alias has been defined.
autoload [ name ... ]
For each of the names (which are names of functions),
create a function marked undefined. The fpath variable
will be searched to find the actual function definition
when the function is first referenced. The definition
is contained in a file of the same name as the func-
tion. If the file found contains a standard definition
for the function, that is stored as the function; oth-
erwise, the contents of the entire file are stored as
the function. The latter format allows functions to be
used directly as scripts.
bg [ job ... ]
job ... &
Put each specified job in the background, or the
current job if none is specified.
bindkey -mevd
bindkey -r in-string ...
bindkey [ -a ] in-string [ command ] ...
bindkey -s [ -a ] in-string out-string ...
The -e and -v options put the keymaps in emacs mode or
vi mode respectively; they cannot be used simultane-
ously. The -d option resets all bindings to the
compiled-in settings. If not used with options -e or
-v, the maps will be left in emacs mode, or in vi mode
if the VISUAL or EDITOR variables exist and contain the
string "vi". Metafied characters are bound to self-
insert by default. The -m option loads the compiled-in
bindings of these characters for the mode determined by
the preceding options, or the current mode if used
alone. Any previous bindings done by the user will be
preserved. If the -r option is given, remove any bind-
ing for each in-string. If the -s option is not speci-
fied, bind each in-string to a specified command. If no
command is specified, print the binding of in-string if
it is bound, or return a nonzero exit code if it is not
bound. If the -s option is specified, bind each in-
string to each specified out-string. When in-string is
typed, out-string will be pushed back and treated as
input to the line editor. This process is recursive
but, to avoid infinite loops, the shell will report an
error if more than 20 consecutive replacements happen.
If the -a option is specified, bind the in-strings in
the alternative keymap instead of the standard one.
The alternative keymap is used in vi command mode.
It's possible for an in-string to be bound to something
and also be the beginning of a longer bound string. In
this case the shell will wait a certain time to see if
more characters are typed and if not it will execute
the binding. This timeout is defined by the KEYTIMEOUT
parameter; its default is 0.4 sec. No timeout is done
if the prefix string is not bound.
For either in-string or out-string, control characters
may be specified in the form ^X, and the backslash may
be used to introduce one of the following escape
sequences:
\a bell character
\n linefeed (newline)
\b backspace
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\f form feed
\r carriage return
\e, \E
escape
\NNN character code in octal
\xNN character code in hexadecimal
\M-xxx
character or escape sequence with meta bit
set. The `-' after the `M' is optional.
\C-X control character. The `-' after the `C' is
optional.
In all other cases, \ escapes the following character.
Delete is written as `^?'. Note that `\M^?' and `^\M?'
are not the same.
Multi-character in-strings cannot contain the null
character ("^@" or "^ "). If they appear in a bindkey
command, they will be silently translated to "\M-^@".
This restriction does not apply to out-strings,
single-character in-strings and the first character of
a multi-char in-string.
break [ n ]
Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select, or
repeat loop. If n is specified, then break n levels
instead of just one.
builtin name [ args ] ...
Executes the builtin name, with the given args.
bye Same as exit.
cd [ arg ]
cd old new
cd _n
Change the current directory. In the first form,
change the current directory to arg, or to the value of
HOME if arg is not specified. If arg is -, change to
the value of OLDPWD, the previous directory. If a
directory named arg is not found in the current direc-
tory and arg does not begin with a slash, search each
component of the shell parameter cdpath. If the option
CDABLEVARS is set, and a parameter named arg exists
whose value begins with a slash, treat its value as the
directory.
The second form of cd substitutes the string new for
the string old in the name of the current directory,
and tries to change to this new directory.
The third form of cd extracts an entry from the direc-
tory stack, and changes to that directory. An argument
of the form +n identifies a stack entry by counting
from the left of the list shown by the dirs command,
starting with zero. An argument of the form -n counts
from the right. If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the
meanings of + and - in this context are swapped.
chdir
Same as cd.
command simple command
See the secion PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS in zshmisc(1).
compctl
Compctl has it's own man page. Check zshcompctl(1).
continue [ num ]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while,
until, select, or repeat loop. If n is specified,
break out of n - 1 loops and resume at the nth enclos-
ing loop.
declare [ arg ... ]
Same as typeset.
dirs [ -v ] [ arg ... ]
With no arguments, print the contents of the directory
stack. If the -v option is given, number the direc-
tories in the stack when printing. Directories are
added to this stack with the pushd command, and removed
with the cd or popd commands. If arguments are speci-
fied, load them onto the directory stack, replacing
anything that was there, and push the current directory
onto the stack.
disable [ -afmr ] arg ...
Disable the hash table element named arg temporarily.
The default is to disable builtin commands. This
allows you to use an external command with the same
name as a builtin command. The -a option causes dis-
able to act on aliases. The -f option causes disable
to act on shell functions. The -r options causes dis-
able to act on reserved words. Without arguments all
disabled hash table elements from the corresponding
hash table are printed. With the -m flag the arguments
are taken as patterns (should be quoted to preserve
them from being taken as glob patterns) and all hash
table elements from the corresponding hash table match-
ing these patterns are disabled. Disabled objects can
be enabled with the enable command.
disown [ job ... ]
job ... &|
job ... &!
Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell
will no longer report their status, and will not com-
plain if you try to exit an interactive shell with them
running or stopped. If no job is specified, use the
current job.
echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
Write each arg on the standard output, with a space
separating each one. If the -n flag is not present,
print a newline at the end. echo recognizes the fol-
lowing escape sequences:
\a bell character
\b backspace
\c don't print an ending newline
\e escape
\f form feed
\n newline
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0NNN
character code in octal, with a maximum of three
digits after the zero; a non-octal digit ter-
minates the number
\xNN character code in hexadecimal, with a maximum of
two digits after the `x'; a non-hexadecimal digit
terminates the number.
The -E falg or the BSD_ECHO option can be used to dis-
able these escape sequences. In the later case -e flag
can be used to enable them.
echotc cap [ arg ... ]
Output the termcap string corresponding to the capabil-
ity cap, with optional arguments.
emulate [ -LR ] [ zsh | sh | ksh | csh ]
Set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as
much as possible. csh will never be fully emulated.
If the argument is not one of the shells listed above,
zsh will be used as a default. If the -R option is
given, all options are reset to their default value
corresponding to the specified emulation mode, except
for certain options describing the interactive environ-
ment; otherwise, only those options likely to cause
portability problems in scripts and functions are
altered. If the -L option is given, the option
LOCAL_OPTIONS will be set as well, causing the effect
of the emulate command to be local to the immediately
surrounding shell function, if any; normally this is
turned off in all emulation modes except ksh.
enable [ -afmr ] arg ...
Enable the hash table element named arg, presumably
disabled earlier with disable. The default is to
enable builtin commands. The -a option causes enable
to act on aliases. The -f option causes enable to act
on shell functions. The -r option causes enable to act
on reserved words. Without arguments all enable hash
table elememts from the corresponding hash table are
printed. With the -m flag the arguments are taken as
patterns (should be quoted) and all hash table elements
from the corresponding hash table matching these pat-
terns are enabled. Enabled objects can be disabled
with the disable builtin command.
eval [ arg ... ]
Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute
the resulting command(s) in the current shell process.
exec simple command
See the secion PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS in zshmisc(1).
exit [ n ]
Exit the shell with the exit code specified by n; if
none is specified, use the exit code from the last com-
mand executed. An EOF condition will also cause the
shell to exit, unless the IGNOREEOF option is set.
export [ name[=value] ... ]
The specified names are marked for automatic export to
the environment of subsequently executed commands.
export is equivalent to typeset -x.
false
Do nothing and return an exit code of 1.
fc [ -e ename ] [ -
nlrdDfEim ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
fc -ARWI [ filename ]
Select a range of commands from first to last from the
history list. The arguments first and last may be
specified as a number or as a string. A negative
number is used as an offset to the current history
event number. A string specifies the most recent event
beginning with the given string. All substitutions
old=new, if any, are then performed on the commands.
If the -l flag is given, the resulting commands are
listed on standard output. If the -m flag is also
given the first argument is taken as a pattern (should
be quoted) and only the history events matching this
pattern will be shown. Otherwise the editor program
ename is invoked on a file containing these history
events. If ename is not given, the value of the param-
eter FCEDIT is used. If ename is "-", no editor is
invoked. When editing is complete, the edited
command(s) is executed. If first is not specified, it
will be set to -1 (the most recent event), or to -16 if
the -l flag is given. If last is not specified, it
will be set to first, or to -1 if the -l flag is given.
The flag -r reverses the order of the commands and the
flag -n suppresses command numbers when listing. Also
when listing, -d prints timestamps for each command,
and -f prints full time-date stamps. Adding the -E flag
causes the dates to be printed as `dd.mm.yyyy', instead
of the default `mm/dd/yyyy'. Adding the -i flag causes
the dates to be printed as `yyyy-mm-dd', in a fixed
format. With the -D flag, fc prints elapsed times.
fc -R reads the history from the given file, fc -W
writes the history out to the given file, and fc -A
appends the history out to the given file. fc -AI
(-WI) appends (writes) only those events that are new
since last incremental append (write) to the history
file. In any case the file will have no more than
SAVEHIST entries.
fg [ job ... ]
job ...
Bring the specified jobs to the foreground. If no job
is specified, use the current job.
functions [ _tum ] [ name ... ]
Equivalent to typeset -f.
getln name ...
Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in
the shell parameter name. Equivalent to read -zr. The
flags -c, -l, -A, -e, -E, and -n are supported, too.
getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
Checks arg for legal options. If arg is omitted, use
the positional parameters. A valid option argument
begins with a + or a -. An argument not beginning with
a + or a -, or the argument --, ends the options. opt-
string contains the letters that getopts recognizes.
If a letter is followed by a `:', that option is
expected to have an argument. The options can be
separated from the argument by blanks.
Each time it is invoked, getopts places the option
letter it finds in the shell parameter name, prepended
with a + when arg begins with a +. The index of the
next arg is stored in OPTIND. The option argument, if
any, is stored in OPTARG.
A leading : in optstring causes getopts to store the
letter of the invalid option in OPTARG, and to set name
to `?' for an unknown option and to `:' when a required
option is missing. Otherwise, getopts prints an error
message. The exit status is nonzero when there are no
more options.
hash [ -dfmr ] [ name[=value] ] ...
With no arguments or options, hash will list the entire
command hash table.
The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as pat-
terns (they should be quoted) and the elements of the
command hash table matching these patterns are printed.
The -r option causes the command hash table to be
thrown out and restarted. The -f option causes the
entire path to be searched, and all the commands found
are added to the hash table. These options cannot be
used with any arguments.
For each name with a corresponding value, put name in
the command hash table, associating it with the path-
name value. Whenever name is used as a command argu-
ment, the shell will try to execute the file given by
value. For each name with no corresponding value,
search for name in the path, and add it to the command
hash table, and associating it with the discovered
path, if it is found.
Adding the -d option causes hash to act on the named
directory table instead of the command hash table. The
remaing discussion of hash will assume that the -d is
given.
If invoked without any arguments, and without any other
options, hash -d lists the entire named directory
table.
The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as pat-
terns (they should be quoted) and the elements of the
named directory table matching these patterns are
printed.
The -r option causes the named directory table to be
thrown out and restarted so that it only contains `~'.
The -f option causes all usernames to be added to the
named directory table. There options cannot be used
with any arguments.
For each name with a corresponding value, put name in
the named directory table. The directory name name is
then associated with the specified path value, so that
value may be referred to as `~name'. For each name
with no corresponding value, search for as a username
and as a parameter. If it is found, it is added to the
named directory hash table.
history [ -nrdDfEim ] [ first [ last ] ]
Same as fc -l.
integer [ _lrtux ] [ name[=value] ] ...
Same as typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to
integers are not permitted.
jobs [ -lprs ] [ job ... ]
Lists information about each given job, or all jobs if
job is omitted. The -l flag lists process ids, and the
-p flag lists process groups. If the -r flag is speci-
fied only running jobs will be listed and if the -s
flag is given only stopped jobs are shown.
kill [ -s signal_name ] job ...
kill [ -sig ] job ...
kill -l [ sig ... ]
Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the
given jobs or processes. Signals are given by number
or by names, without the SIG prefix. If the signal
being sent is not KILL or CONT, then the job will be
sent a CONT signal if it is stopped. The argument job
can be the process id of a job not in the job list. In
the third form, kill -l, if sig is not specified the
signal names are listed. Otherwise, for each sig that
is a name, the corresponding signal number is listed.
For each sig that is a signal number or a number
representing the exit status of a process which was
terminated or stopped by a signal the name of the sig-
nal is printed.
let arg ...
Evaluate each arg as an arithmetic expression. See
ARITHMETIC EVALUATION in zshmisc(1) for a description
of arithmetic expressions. The exit status is 0 if the
value of the last expression is nonzero, and 1 other-
wise.
limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
Set or display resource limits. Unless the -s flag is
given the limit applies only the children of the shell.
If -s is given without other arguments, the resource
limits of the current shell is set to the previously
set resource limits of the children. If limit is not
specified, print the current limit placed on resource;
otherwise set the limit to the specified value. If the
-h flag is given, use hard limits instead of soft lim-
its. If no resource is given, print all limits.
resource is one of:
cputime
Maximum CPU seconds per process.
filesize
Largest single file allowed.
datasize
Maximum data size (including stack) for each pro-
cess.
stacksize
Maximum stack size for each process.
coredumpsize
Maximum size of a core dump.
resident
Maximum resident set size.
memoryuse
The same as resident.
memorylocked
Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
descriptors
Maximum value for a file descriptor.
openfiles
Maximum number of open files.
vmemorysize
Maximum amount of virtual memory.
Which of these resource limits are available depends on
the system. limit is a number, with an optional scal-
ing factor, as follows:
nh hours.
nk kilobytes. This is the default for all but cpu-
time.
nm megabytes or minutes.
mm:ss
minutes and seconds.
local [ _LRZilrtu [n]] [ name[=value] ] ...
Same as typeset, except that the options -x and -f are
not permitted.
log List all users currently logged in who are affected by
the current setting of the watch parameter.
logout
Exit the shell, if this is a login shell.
noglob simple command
See the secion PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS in zshmisc(1).
popd [ _n ]
Removes a entry from the directory stack, and perform a
cd to the new top directory. With no argument, the
current top entry is removed. An argument of the form
+n identifies a stack entry by counting from the left
of the list shown by the dirs command, starting with
zero. An argument of the form -n counts from the
right. If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings
of + and - in this context are swapped.
print [ -nrslzpNDPoOicm ] [ -un ] [ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
With no flags or with flag -, the arguments are printed
on the standard output as described by echo, with the
following differences: the escape sequence \M-x
metafies the character x (sets the highest bit), \C-x
produces a control character (\C-@ and \C-? give the
characters NULL and delete) and \E is a synonym for \e.
Finally, if not in an escape sequence, \ escapes the
following character and is not printed.
-r ignore the escape conventions of echo.
-R emulate the BSD echo command which does not pro-
cess escape sequences unless the -e flag is given.
The -n flag suppresses the trailing newline. Only
the -e and -n flags are recognized after -R, all
other arguments and options are printed.
-m Take the fist argument as a pattern (should be
quoted) and remove it from the argument list
together with subsequent arguments that do not
match this pattern.
-s place the results in the history list instead of
on the standard output.
-n do not add a newline to the output.
-l print the arguments separated by newlines instead
of spaces.
-N print the arguments separated and terminated by
nulls.
-o print the arguments sorted in ascending order.
-O print the arguments sorted in descending order.
-i if given together with -o or -O makes them work
case independently
-c print the arguments in columns
-un print the arguments to file descriptor n.
-p print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.
-z push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack,
separated by spaces; no escape sequences are
recognized.
-D treat the arguments as directory names, replacing
prefixes with ~ expressions, as appropriate.
-P recognize the same escape sequences as in the
PROMPT parameter.
pushd [ arg ]
pushd old new
pushd _n
Change the current directory, and push the old current
directory onto the directory stack. In the first form,
change the current directory to arg. If arg is not
specified, change to the second directory on the stack
(that is, exchange the top two entries), or change to
the value of HOME if the PUSHD_TO_HOME option is set or
if there is only one entry on the stack. If arg is -,
change to the value of OLDPWD, the previous directory.
If a directory named arg is not found in the current
directory and arg does not contain a slash, search each
component of the shell parameter cdpath. If the option
CDABLEVARS is set, and a parameter named arg exists
whose value begins with a slash, treat its value as the
directory. If the option PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the
directory stack will be printed after a pushd is per-
formed.
The second form of pushd substitutes the string new for
the string old in the name of the current directory,
and tries to change to this new directory.
The third form of pushd changes directory by rotating
the directory list. An argument of the form +n identi-
fies a stack entry by counting from the left of the
list shown by the dirs command, starting with zero. An
argument of the form -n counts from the right. If the
PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings of + and - in
this context are swapped.
pushln
Equivalent to print -nz.
pwd [ -r ]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working
directory. If the -r flag is specified or the
CHASE_LINKS option is set, the printed path will not
contain symbolic links.
r Equivalent to fc -e -.
read [ -rzpqAclneE ] [ -k [ num ] ]
[ -un ] [ name?prompt ] [ name ... ]
Read one line and break it into fields using the char-
acters in IFS as separators.
-r Raw mode: a \ at the end of a line does not sig-
nify line continuation.
-q Read only one character from the terminal and set
name to `y' if this character was `y' or `Y' and
to `n' otherwise. With this flag set the return
value is zero only if the character was `y' or
`Y'.
-k [ num ]
Read only one (or num) characters from the termi-
nal.
-z Read from the editor buffer stack. The first
field is assigned to the first name, the second
field to the second name, etc., with leftover
fields assigned to the last name.
-e
-E The words read are printed after the whole line is
read. If the -e flag is set, the words are not
assigned to the parameters.
-A The first name is taken as the name of an array
and all words are assigned to it.
-c
-l These flags are allowed only if called inside a
function used for completion (specified with the
-K flag to compctl). If the -c flag is given, the
words of the current command are read. If the -l
flag is given, the whole line is assigned as a
scalar. If name is omitted then REPLY is used for
scalars and reply for arrays.
-n Together with either of the previous flags, this
option gives the number of the word the cursor is
on or the index of the character the cursor is on
respectively.
-un Input is read from file descriptor n.
-p Input is read from the coprocess.
If the first argument contains a ?, the remainder of
this word is used as a prompt on standard error when
the shell is interactive. The exit status is 0 unless
an end-of-file is encountered.
readonly [ name[=value] ] ...
The given names are marked readonly; these names cannot
be changed by subsequent assignment.
rehash [ -df ]
Throw out the command hash table and start over. If
the -f option is set, rescan the command path immedi-
ately, instead of rebuilding the hash table incremen-
tally.
The -d option causes rehash to act on the named direc-
tory table instead of the command hash table. This
reduces the named directory table to only the `~'
entry. If the -f option is also used, the named direc-
tory table is rebuilt immediately.
rehash is equivalent to hash -r.
return [ n ]
Causes a shell function or . script to return to the
invoking script with the return status specified by n.
If n is omitted then the return status is that of the
last command executed.
If return was executed from a trap in a TRAPxxx func-
tion, the effect is different for zero and non-zero
return status. With zero status (or after an implicit
return at the end of the trap), the shell will return
to whatever it was previously processing; with a non-
zero status, the shell will behave as interrupted
except that the return status of the trap is retained.
Note that the signal which caused the trap is passed as
the first argument, so the statement `return
$((128+$1))' will return the same status as if the sig-
nal had not been trapped.
sched [+]hh:mm command ...
sched [ -item ]
Make an entry in the scheduled list of commands to exe-
cute. The time may be specified in either absolute or
relative time. With no arguments, prints the list of
scheduled commands. With the argument -item, removes
the given item from the list.
]
set [ _options ] [ _o option name ] ... [ _A [ name ] ] [ arg ...
Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional
parameters, or declare and set an array. If the -s
option is given it causes the specified arguments to be
sorted before assigning them to the positional parame-
ters (or to the array name if -A is used). With +s
sort arguments in descending order. For the meaning of
the other flags, see the zshoptions man page. Flags
may be specified by name using the -o option. If the
-A flag is specified, name is set to an array contain-
ing the given args; if +A is used and name is an array,
the gien arguments will replace the initial elements of
that array; if no name is specified, all arrays are
printed. Otherwise the positional parameters are set.
If no arguments are given, then the names and values of
all parameters are printed on the standard output. If
the only argument is +, the names of all parameters are
printed.
setopt [ _options ] [ name ... ]
Set the options for the shell. All options specified
either with flags or by name are set. If no arguments
are supplied, the names of all options currently set
are printed. In option names, case is insignificant,
and all underscore characters are ignored. If the -m
flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted to preserve them from being inter-
preted as glob patterns) and all options with names
matching these patterns are set.
shift [ n ] [ name ... ]
The positional parameters from $n+1 ... are renamed $1,
where n is an arithmetic expression that defaults to 1.
If any names are given then the arrays with these names
are shifted instead of the positional parameters.
source
Same as ., except that the current directory is always
searched and is always searched first, before direc-
tories in path.
suspend [ -f ]
Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP)
until it receives a SIGCONT. If the -f option is not
given, complain if this is a login shell.
test arg ...
[ arg ... ]
Like the system version of test. Added for compatibil-
ity; use conditional expressions instead.
times
Print the accumulated user and system times for the
shell and for processes run from the shell.
trap [ arg ] [ sig ] ...
arg is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect
it from immediate evaluation by the shell) to be read
and executed when the shell receives sig. Each sig can
be given as a number or as the name of a signal. If
arg is -, then all traps sig are reset to their default
values. If arg is the null string, then this signal is
ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
If sig is ZERR then arg will be executed after each
command with a nonzero exit status. If sig is DEBUG
then arg will be executed after each command. If sig
is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside
the body of a function, then the command arg is exe-
cuted after the function completes. If sig is 0 or
EXIT and the trap statement is not executed inside the
body of a function, then the command arg is executed
when the shell terminates. The trap command with no
arguments prints a list of commands associated with
each signal. Note that traps defined with the trap
builtin are slightly different from those defined as
`TRAPNAL () { ... }', as the latter have their own
function environment (line numbers, local variables,
etc.) while the former use the environment of the com-
mand in which they were called.
true Do nothing and return an exit code of 0.
ttyctl -fu
The -f option freezes the tty, and -u unfreezes it.
When the tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty set-
tings by external programs will be honored by the
shell, except for changes in the size of the screen;
the shell will simply reset the settings to their pre-
vious values as soon as each command exits or is
suspended. Thus, stty and similar programs have no
effect when the tty is frozen. Without options it
reports whether the terminal is frozen or not.
type [ -fpam ] name ...
Same as whence -v.
typeset [ _LRUZfilrtuxm [n]] [ name[=value] ] ...
Set attributes and values for shell parameters. When
invoked inside a function a new parameter is created
which will be unset when the function completes. The
new parameter will not be exported unless ALLEXPORT is
set, in which case the parameter will be exported pro-
vided no parameter of that name already exists. The
following attributes are valid:
-L Left justify and remove leading blanks from value.
If n is nonzero, it defines the width of the
field; otherwise it is determined by the width of
the value of the first assignment. When the
parameter is printed, it is filled on the right
with blanks or truncated if necessary to fit the
field. Leading zeros are removed if the -Z flag
is also set.
-R Right justify and fill with leading blanks. If n
is nonzero if defines the width of the field; oth-
erwise it is determined by the width of the value
of the first assignment. When the parameter is
printed, the field is left filled with blanks or
truncated from the end.
-U For arrays keep only the first element of each
duplications. It can also be set for colon
separated special parameters like PATH or FIGNORE,
etc.
-Z Right justify and fill with leading zeros if the
first non-blank character is a digit and the -L
flag has not been set. If n is nonzero it defines
the width of the field; otherwise it is determined
by the width of the value of the first assignment.
-f The names refer to functions rather than parame-
ters. No assignments can be made, and the only
other valid flags are -t and -u. The flag -t
turns on execution tracing for this function. The
flag -u causes this function to be marked for
autoloading. The fpath parameter will be searched
to find the function definition when the function
is first referenced; see autoload.
-i Use an internal integer representation. If n is
nonzero it defines the output arithmetic base,
otherwise it is determined by the first assign-
ment.
-l Convert to lower case.
-r The given names are marked readonly.
-t Tags the named parameters. Tags have no special
meaning to the shell.
-u Convert to upper case.
-x Mark for automatic export to the environment of
subsequently executed commands.
Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off.
If no arguments are given but flags are specified, a
list of named parameters which have these flags set is
printed. Using + instead of - keeps their values from
being printed. If no arguments or options are given,
the names and attributes of all parameters are printed.
If only the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as
patterns (should be quoted) and all parameters or func-
tions (with the -f flag) with matching names are
printed.
ulimit [ -SHacdflmnpstv ] [ limit ] ...
Set or display resource limits of the shell and the
processes started by the shell. The value of limit can
be a number in the unit specified below or the value
unlimited. If the -H flag is given use hard limits
instead of soft limits. If the -S flag is given
together with the -H flag set both hard and soft lim-
its. If no options are used, the file size limit (-f)
is assumed. If limit is omitted the current value of
the specified resources are printed. When more than
one resource values are printed the limit name and unit
is printed before each value.
-a Lists all of the current resource limits.
-c The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of core
dumps.
-d The number of K-bytes on the size of the data
segment.
-f The number of 512-byte blocks on the size of files
written.
-l The number of K-bytes on the size of locked-in
memory.
-m The number of K-bytes on the size of physical
memory.
-n The number of open file descriptors.
-s The number of K-bytes on the size of the stack.
-t The number of CPU seconds to be used.
-u The number of processes available to the user.
-v The number of K-bytes on the size of virtual
memory.
umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
The umask is set to mask. mask can be either an octal
number or a symbolic value as described in chmod(1).
If mask is omitted, the current value is printed. The
-S option causes the mask to be printed as a symbolic
value. Otherwise, the mask is printed as an octal
number. Note that in the symbolic form the permissions
you specify are those which are to be allowed (not
denied) to the users specified.
unalias [ -m ] name ...
The alias definition, if any, for each name is removed.
With the -m flag the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted) and all aliases with names matching
the patterns are removed. unalias is equivalent to
unhash -a.
unfunction [ -m ] name ...
The function definition, if any, for each name is
removed. If the -m flag is specified the arguments are
taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all functions
with names matching the patterns are removed. unfunc-
tion is equivalent to unhash -f.
unhash [ -adfm ] name ...
Remove the element named name from an internal hash
table. The default is remove elements from the command
hash table. The -a option causes unhash to remove
aliases. The -f option causes unhash to remove shell
functions. The -d options causes unhash to remove
named directories. If the -m flag is given the argu-
ments are taken as patterns (should be quoted) and all
elements of the corresponding hash table with matching
names will be removed.
unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
The resource limit for each resource is set to the hard
limit. If the -h flag is given and the shell is
running as root, the hard resource limit for each
resource is removed. The resources of the shell pro-
cess are only changed if the -s flag is given.
unset [ -fm ] name ...
Each named parameter is unset. If the -m flag is speci-
fied the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted) and all parameters with matching names are
unset. Unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.
unsetopt [ _options ] [ name ... ]
Unset the options for the shell. All options specified
either with flags or by name are unset. If the -m flag
is given the arguments are considered to be patterns
(don't forget to quote them) and all options with names
matching these patterns are unset.
vared [ -c ] [ -h ] [ -p prompt ] [ -r rprompt ] name
The value of the parameter name is loaded into the edit
buffer, and the line editor is invoked. When the edi-
tor exits, name is set to the string value returned by
the editor. If the -c flag is given the parameter is
created if it doesn't already exist. If the -p flag is
given the following string will be taken as the prompt
to display at the left and if the -r flag is given the
following string gives the prompt to display at the
right. If the -h flag is specified, the history can be
accessed from zle.
wait [ job ... ]
Wait for the specified jobs or processes. If job is
not given then all currently active child processes are
waited for. Each job can be either a job specification
or the process-id of a job in the job table. The exit
status from this command is that of the job waited for.
whence [ -vcfpam ] name ...
For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if
used as a command name. The -v flag produces a more
verbose report. The -c flag prints the results in a
csh-like format, and takes precedence over -v. The -f
flag causes the contents of a shell function to be
displayed, which would otherwise not happen unless the
-c flag were used. The -p flag does a path search for
name even if it is an alias, reserved word, shell func-
tion or builtin. The -a flag does a search for all
occurrences of name throughout the command path. With
the -m flag the arguments are taken as patterns (should
be quoted) and the information is displayed for each
command matching one of these patterns.
where
Same as whence -ca.
which [ -pam ] name ...
Same as whence -c.
NOTES
Source for zsh is available in the SUNWzshS package.
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