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NAME
lynx - a general purpose distributed information browser for
the World Wide Web
SYNOPSIS
lynx [options] [path or URL]
use "lynx -help" to display a complete list of current
options.
DESCRIPTION
Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web (WWW) client for
users running cursor-addressable, character-cell display
devices (e.g., vt100 terminals, vt100 emulators running on
Windows 95/NT or Macintoshes, or any other "curses-oriented"
display). It will display hypertext markup language (HTML)
documents containing links to files residing on the local
system, as well as files residing on remote systems running
Gopher, HTTP, FTP, WAIS, and NNTP servers. Current versions
of Lynx run on Unix, VMS, Windows 95/NT, 386DOS and OS/2
EMX.
Lynx can be used to access information on the World Wide
Web, or to build information systems intended primarily for
local access. For example, Lynx has been used to build
several Campus Wide Information Systems (CWIS). In addi-
tion, Lynx can be used to build systems isolated within a
single LAN.
OPTIONS
At start up, Lynx will load any local file or remote URL
specified at the command line. For help with URLs, press
"?" or "H" while running Lynx. Then follow the link
titled, "Help on URLs."
Lynx uses only long option names. Option names can begin
with double dash as well, underscores and dashes can be
intermixed in option names (in the reference below options
are with one dash before them and with underscores).
- If the argument is only '-', then Lynx expects to
receive the arguments from stdin. This is to allow for
the potentially very long command line that can be
associated with the -get_data or -post_data arguments
(see below). It can also be used to avoid having sen-
sitive information in the invoking command line (which
would be visible to other processes on most systems),
especially when the -auth or -pauth options are used.
-accept_all_cookies
accept all cookies.
-anonymous
apply restrictions for anonymous account, see also
-restrictions.
-assume_charset=MIMEname
charset for documents that don't specify it.
-assume_local_charset=MIMEname
charset assumed for local files.
-assume_unrec_charset=MIMEname
use this instead of unrecognized charsets.
-auth=ID:PASSWD
set authorization ID and password for protected docu-
ments at startup. Be sure to protect any script files
which use this switch.
-base
prepend a request URL comment and BASE tag to text/html
outputs for -source dumps.
-blink
forces high intensity background colors for color mode,
if available and supported by the terminal. Lynx needs
to be compiled with the slang library for this flag.
-book
use the bookmark page as the startfile. The default or
command line startfile is still set for the Main screen
command, and will be used if the bookmark page is una-
vailable or blank.
-buried_news
toggles scanning of news articles for buried refer-
ences, and converts them to news links. Not recom-
mended because email addresses enclosed in angle brack-
ets will be converted to false news links, and uuen-
coded messages can be trashed.
-cache=NUMBER
set the NUMBER of documents cached in memory. The
default is 10.
-case
enable case-sensitive string searching.
-cfg=FILENAME
specifies a Lynx configuration file other than the
default lynx.cfg.
-child
exit on left-arrow in startfile, and disable save to
disk.
-color
forces color mode on, if available. Default color con-
trol sequences which work for many terminal types are
assumed if the terminal capability description does not
specify how to handle color. Lynx needs to be compiled
with the slang library for this flag, it is equivalent
to setting the COLORTERM environment variable. (If
color support is instead provided by a color-capable
curses library like ncurses, Lynx relies completely on
the terminal description to determine whether color
mode is possible, and this flag is not needed and thus
unavailable.) A saved show_color=always setting found
in a .lynxrc file at startup has the same effect. A
saved show_color=never found in .lynxrc on startup is
overridden by this flag.
-cookies
toggles handling of Set-Cookie headers.
-cookie_file=FILENAME
specifies a file to use to store cookies.
-connect_timeout=N
Sets the connection timeout, where N is given in
seconds. This is not available under DOS (use the
sockdelay parameter of WATTCP under DOS).
-core
toggles forced core dumps on fatal errors.
-crawl
with -traversal, output each page to a file. with
-dump, format output as with -traversal, but to stdout.
-debug_partial
incremental display stages with MessageSecs delay
-display=DISPLAY
set the display variable for X rexec-ed programs.
-dont_wrap_pre
inhibit wrapping of text in <pre> when -dump'ing and
-crawl'ing, mark wrapped lines in interactive session.
-dump
dumps the formatted output of the default document or
one specified on the command line to standard output.
This can be used in the following way:
lynx -dump http://www.trill-home.com/lynx.html
-editor=EDITOR
enable external editing, using the specified EDITOR.
(vi, ed, emacs, etc.)
-emacskeys
enable emacs-like key movement.
-enable_scrollback
toggles compatibility with communication programs'
scrollback keys (may be incompatible with some curses
packages).
-error_file=FILE
define a file where Lynx will report HTTP access codes.
-exec
enable local program execution (normally not config-
ured).
-fileversions
include all versions of files in local VMS directory
listings.
-force_empty_hrefless_a
force HREF-less 'A' elements to be empty (close them as
soon as they are seen).
-force_html
forces the first document to be interpreted as HTML.
-force_secure
toggles forcing of the secure flag for SSL cookies.
-forms_options
toggles whether the Options Menu is key-based or form-
based.
-from
toggles transmissions of From headers.
-ftp disable ftp access.
-get_data
send form data from stdin using GET method and dump
results.
-head
send a HEAD request for the mime headers.
-help
print the Lynx command syntax usage message.
-hiddenlinks=[option]
control the display of hidden links.
merge hidden links show up as bracketed numbers and are
numbered together with other links in the sequence of
their occurrence in the document.
listonly hidden links are shown only on L)ist screens
and listings generated by -dump or from the P)rint
menu, but appear separately at the end of those lists.
This is the default behavior.
ignore hidden links do not appear even in listings.
-historical
toggles use of '>' or '-->' as a terminator for com-
ments.
-homepage=URL
set homepage separate from start page.
-image_links
toggles inclusion of links for all images.
-index=URL
set the default index file to the specified URL.
-ismap
toggles inclusion of ISMAP links when client-side MAPs
are present.
-justify
do justification of text.
-link=NUMBER
starting count for lnk#.dat files produced by -crawl.
-localhost
disable URLs that point to remote hosts.
-locexec
enable local program execution from local files only
(if Lynx was compiled with local execution enabled).
-mime_header
prints the MIME header of a fetched document along with
its source.
-minimal
toggles minimal versus valid comment parsing.
-newschunksize=NUMBER
number of articles in chunked news listings.
-newsmaxchunk=NUMBER
maximum news articles in listings before chunking.
-nobold
disable bold video-attribute.
-nobrowse
disable directory browsing.
-nocc
disable Cc: prompts for self copies of mailings. Note
that this does not disable any CCs which are incor-
porated within a mailto URL or form ACTION.
-nocolor
force color mode off, overriding terminal capabilities
and any -color flags, COLORTERM variable, and saved
.lynxrc settings.
-noexec
disable local program execution. (DEFAULT)
-nofilereferer
disable transmissions of Referer headers for file URLs.
-nolist
disable the link list feature in dumps.
-nolog
disable mailing of error messages to document owners.
-nonrestarting_sigwinch
This flag is not available on all systems, Lynx needs
to be compiled with HAVE_SIGACTION defined. If avail-
able, this flag may cause Lynx to react more immedi-
ately to window changes when run within an xterm.
-nopause
disable forced pauses for statusline messages.
-noprint
disable most print functions.
-noredir
prevents automatic redirection and prints a message
with a link to the new URL.
-noreferer
disable transmissions of Referer headers.
-noreverse
disable reverse video-attribute.
-nosocks
disable SOCKS proxy usage by a SOCKSified Lynx.
-nostatus
disable the retrieval status messages.
-nounderline
disable underline video-attribute.
-number_fields
force numbering of links as well as form input fields
-number_links
force numbering of links.
-partial
toggles display partial pages while loading.
partial_thres=NUMBER
number of lines to render before repainting display
with partial-display logic
-pauth=ID:PASSWD
set authorization ID and password for a protected proxy
server at startup. Be sure to protect any script files
which use this switch.
-popup
toggles handling of single-choice SELECT options via
popup windows or as lists of radio buttons.
-post_data
send form data from stdin using POST method and dump
results.
-preparsed
show HTML source preparsed and reformatted when used
with -source or in source view.
-prettysrc
show HTML source view with lexical elements and tags in
color.
-print
enable print functions. (default)
-pseudo_inlines
toggles pseudo-ALTs for inlines with no ALT string.
-raw toggles default setting of 8-bit character translations
or CJK mode for the startup character set.
-realm
restricts access to URLs in the starting realm.
-reload
flushes the cache on a proxy server (only the first
document affected).
-restrictions=[option][,option][,option]...
allows a list of services to be disabled selectively.
Dashes and underscores in option names can be inter-
mixed. The following list is printed if no options are
specified.
all - restricts all options listed below.
bookmark - disallow changing the location of the book-
mark file.
bookmark_exec - disallow execution links via the book-
mark file.
change_exec_perms - disallow changing the eXecute per-
mission on files (but still allow it for directories)
when local file management is enabled.
default - same as command line option -anonymous. Dis-
ables default services for anonymous users. Set to all
restricted, except for: inside_telnet, outside_telnet,
inside_ftp, outside_ftp, inside_rlogin, outside_rlogin,
inside_news, outside_news, telnet_port, jump, mail,
print, exec, and goto. The settings for these, as well
as additional goto restrictions for specific URL
schemes that are also applied, are derived from defini-
tions within userdefs.h.
dired_support - disallow local file management.
disk_save - disallow saving to disk in the download and
print menus.
dotfiles - disallow access to, or creation of, hidden
(dot) files.
download - disallow some downloaders in the download
menu (does not imply disk_save restriction).
editor - disallow external editing.
exec - disable execution scripts.
exec_frozen - disallow the user from changing the local
execution option.
externals - disallow some "EXTERNAL" configuration
lines if support for passing URLs to external applica-
tions (with the EXTERN command) is compiled in.
file_url - disallow using G)oto, served links or book-
marks for file: URLs.
goto - disable the 'g' (goto) command.
inside_ftp - disallow ftps for people coming from
inside your domain (utmp required for selectivity).
inside_news - disallow USENET news posting for people
coming from inside your domain (utmp required for
selectivity).
inside_rlogin - disallow rlogins for people coming from
inside your domain (utmp required for selectivity).
inside_telnet - disallow telnets for people coming from
inside your domain (utmp required for selectivity).
jump - disable the 'j' (jump) command.
multibook - disallow multiple bookmarks.
mail - disallow mail.
news_post - disallow USENET News posting.
options_save - disallow saving options in .lynxrc.
outside_ftp - disallow ftps for people coming from out-
side your domain (utmp required for selectivity).
outside_news - disallow USENET news reading and posting
for people coming from outside your domain (utmp
required for selectivity). This restriction applies to
"news", "nntp", "newspost", and "newsreply" URLs, but
not to "snews", "snewspost", or "snewsreply" in case
they are supported.
outside_rlogin - disallow rlogins for people coming
from outside your domain (utmp required for selec-
tivity).
outside_telnet - disallow telnets for people coming
from outside your domain (utmp required for selec-
tivity).
print - disallow most print options.
shell - disallow shell escapes and lynxexec or lynxprog
G)oto's.
suspend - disallow Unix Control-Z suspends with escape
to shell.
telnet_port - disallow specifying a port in telnet
G)oto's.
useragent - disallow modifications of the User-Agent
header.
-resubmit_posts
toggles forced resubmissions (no-cache) of forms with
method POST when the documents they returned are sought
with the PREV_DOC command or from the History List.
-rlogin
disable recognition of rlogin commands.
-selective
require .www_browsable files to browse directories.
-short_url
show very long URLs in the status line with "___" to
represent the portion which cannot be displayed. The
beginning and end of the URL are displayed, rather than
suppressing the end.
-show_cursor
If enabled the cursor will not be hidden in the right
hand corner but will instead be positioned at the start
of the currently selected link. Show cursor is the
default for systems without FANCY_CURSES capabilities.
The default configuration can be changed in userdefs.h
or lynx.cfg. The command line switch toggles the
default.
-soft_dquotes
toggles emulation of the old Netscape and Mosaic bug
which treated '>' as a co-terminator for double-quotes
and tags.
-source
works the same as dump but outputs HTML source instead
of formatted text.
-stack_dump
disable SIGINT cleanup handler
-startfile_ok
allow non-http startfile and homepage with -validate.
-tagsoup
initialize parser, using Tag Soup DTD rather than Sor-
taSGML.
-telnet
disable recognition of telnet commands.
-term=TERM
tell Lynx what terminal type to assume it is talking
to. (This may be useful for remote execution, when,
for example, Lynx connects to a remote TCP/IP port that
starts a script that, in turn, starts another Lynx pro-
cess.)
-timeout=N
For win32, sets the network read-timeout, where N is
given in seconds.
-tlog
toggles between using a Lynx Trace Log and stderr for
trace output from the session.
-tna turns on "Textfields Need Activation" mode.
-trace
turns on Lynx trace mode. Destination of trace output
depends on -tlog.
-traversal
traverse all http links derived from startfile. When
used with -crawl, each link that begins with the same
string as startfile is output to a file, intended for
indexing. See CRAWL.announce for more information.
-underscore
toggles use of _underline_ format in dumps.
-use_mouse
turn on mouse support, if available. Clicking the left
mouse button on a link traverses it. Clicking the
right mouse button pops back. Click on the top line to
scroll up. Click on the bottom line to scroll down.
The first few positions in the top and bottom line may
invoke additional functions. Lynx must be compiled
with ncurses or slang to support this feature. If
ncurses is used, clicking the middle mouse button pops
up a simple menu. Mouse clicks may only work reliably
while Lynx is idle waiting for input.
-useragent=Name
set alternate Lynx User-Agent header.
-validate
accept only http URLs (for validation). Complete secu-
rity restrictions also are implemented.
-verbose
toggle [LINK], [IMAGE] and [INLINE] comments with
filenames of these images.
-version
print version information.
-vikeys
enable vi-like key movement.
-wdebug
enable Waterloo tcp/ip packet debug (print to watt
debugfile). This applies only to DOS versions compiled
with WATTCP or WATT-32.
-width=NUMBER
number of columns for formatting of dumps, default is
80.
-with_backspaces
emit backspaces in output if -dumping or -crawling
(like 'man' does)
COMMANDS
o Use Up arrow and Down arrow to scroll through hypertext
links.
o Right arrow or Return will follow a highlighted hypertext
link.
o Left Arrow will retreat from a link.
o Type "H" or "?" for online help and descriptions of key-
stroke commands.
o Type "K" for a complete list of the current key-stroke
command mappings.
ENVIRONMENT
In addition to various "standard" environment variables such
as HOME, PATH, USER, DISPLAY, TMPDIR, etc, Lynx utilizes
several Lynx-specific environment variables, if they exist.
Others may be created or modified by Lynx to pass data to an
external program, or for other reasons. These are listed
separately below.
See also the sections on SIMULATED CGI SUPPORT and NATIVE
LANGUAGE SUPPORT, below.
Note: Not all environment variables apply to all types of
platforms supported by Lynx, though most do. Feedback on
platform dependencies is solicited.
Environment Variables Used By Lynx:
COLORTERM If set, color capability for the termi-
nal is forced on at startup time. The
actual value assigned to the variable is
ignored. This variable is only meaning-
ful if Lynx was built using the slang
screen-handling library.
LYNX_CFG This variable, if set, will override the
default location and name of the global
configuration file (normally, lynx.cfg)
that was defined by the LYNX_CFG_FILE
constant in the userdefs.h file, during
installation. See the userdefs.h file
for more information.
LYNX_LSS This variable, if set, specifies the
location of the default Lynx character
style sheet file. [Currently only mean-
ingful if Lynx was built using experi-
mental color style support.]
LYNX_SAVE_SPACE This variable, if set, will override the
default path prefix for files saved to
disk that is defined in the lynx.cfg
SAVE_SPACE: statement. See the lynx.cfg
file for more information.
LYNX_TEMP_SPACE This variable, if set, will override the
default path prefix for temporary files
that was defined during installation, as
well as any value that may be assigned
to the TMPDIR variable.
MAIL This variable specifies the default
inbox Lynx will check for new mail, if
such checking is enabled in the lynx.cfg
file.
NEWS_ORGANIZATION This variable, if set, provides the
string used in the Organization: header
of USENET news postings. It will over-
ride the setting of the ORGANIZATION
environment variable, if it is also set
(and, on UNIX, the contents of an
/etc/organization file, if present).
NNTPSERVER If set, this variable specifies the
default NNTP server that will be used
for USENET news reading and posting with
Lynx, via news: URL's.
ORGANIZATION This variable, if set, provides the
string used in the Organization: header
of USENET news postings. On UNIX, it
will override the contents of an
/etc/organization file, if present.
PROTOCOL_proxy Lynx supports the use of proxy servers
that can act as firewall gateways and
caching servers. They are preferable to
the older gateway servers (see
WWW_access_GATEWAY, below). Each proto-
col used by Lynx, (http, ftp, gopher,
etc), can be mapped separately by set-
ting environment variables of the form
PROTOCOL_proxy (literally: http_proxy,
ftp_proxy, gopher_proxy, etc), to
"http://some.server.dom:port/". See
Lynx Users Guide for additional details
and examples.
WWW_access_GATEWAY Lynx still supports use of gateway
servers, with the servers specified via
"WWW_access_GATEWAY" variables (where
"access" is lower case and can be
"http", "ftp", "gopher" or "wais"), how-
ever most gateway servers have been dis-
continued. Note that you do not include
a terminal '/' for gateways, but do for
proxies specified by PROTOCOL_proxy
environment variables. See Lynx Users
Guide for details.
WWW_HOME This variable, if set, will override the
default startup URL specified in any of
the Lynx configuration files.
Environment Variables Set or Modified By Lynx:
LYNX_PRINT_DATE This variable is set by the Lynx p(rint)
function, to the Date: string seen in
the document's "Information about" page
(= cmd), if any. It is created for use
by an external program, as defined in a
lynx.cfg PRINTER: definition statement.
If the field does not exist for the
document, the variable is set to a null
string under UNIX, or "No Date" under
VMS.
LYNX_PRINT_LASTMOD This variable is set by the Lynx p(rint)
function, to the Last Mod: string seen
in the document's "Information about"
page (= cmd), if any. It is created for
use by an external program, as defined
in a lynx.cfg PRINTER: definition state-
ment. If the field does not exist for
the document, the variable is set to a
null string under UNIX, or "No LastMod"
under VMS.
LYNX_PRINT_TITLE This variable is set by the Lynx p(rint)
function, to the Linkname: string seen
in the document's "Information about"
page (= cmd), if any. It is created for
use by an external program, as defined
in a lynx.cfg PRINTER: definition state-
ment. If the field does not exist for
the document, the variable is set to a
null string under UNIX, or "No Title"
under VMS.
LYNX_PRINT_URL This variable is set by the Lynx p(rint)
function, to the URL: string seen in
the document's "Information about" page
(= cmd), if any. It is created for use
by an external program, as defined in a
lynx.cfg PRINTER: definition statement.
If the field does not exist for the
document, the variable is set to a null
string under UNIX, or "No URL" under
VMS.
LYNX_VERSION This variable is always set by Lynx, and
may be used by an external program to
determine if it was invoked by Lynx.
See also the comments in the
distribution's sample mailcap file, for
notes on usage in such a file.
TERM Normally, this variable is used by Lynx
to determine the terminal type being
used to invoke Lynx. If, however, it is
unset at startup time (or has the value
"unknown"), or if the -term command-line
option is used (see OPTIONS section
above), Lynx will set or modify its
value to the user specified terminal
type (for the Lynx execution environ-
ment). Note: If set/modified by Lynx,
the values of the LINES and/or COLUMNS
environment variables may also be
changed.
SIMULATED CGI SUPPORT
If built with the cgi-links option enabled, Lynx allows
access to a cgi script directly without the need for an http
daemon.
When executing such "lynxcgi scripts" (if enabled), the fol-
lowing variables may be set for simulating a CGI environ-
ment:
CONTENT_LENGTH
CONTENT_TYPE
DOCUMENT_ROOT
HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET
HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE
HTTP_USER_AGENT
PATH_INFO
PATH_TRANSLATED
QUERY_STRING
REMOTE_ADDR
REMOTE_HOST
REQUEST_METHOD
SERVER_SOFTWARE
Other environment variables are not inherited by the script,
unless they are provided via a LYNXCGI_ENVIRONMENT statement
in the configuration file. See the lynx.cfg file, and the
(draft) CGI 1.1 Specification
<http://Web.Golux.Com/coar/cgi/draft-coar-cgi-v11-00.txt>
for the definition and usage of these variables.
The CGI Specification, and other associated documentation,
should be consulted for general information on CGI script
programming.
NATIVE LANGUAGE SUPPORT
If configured and installed with Native Language Support,
Lynx will display status and other messages in your local
language. See the file ABOUT_NLS in the source distribu-
tion, or at your local GNU site, for more information about
internationalization.
The following environment variables may be used to alter
default settings:
LANG This variable, if set, will override the
default message language. It is an ISO
639 two-letter code identifying the
language. Language codes are NOT the
same as the country codes given in ISO
3166.
LANGUAGE This variable, if set, will override the
default message language. This is a GNU
extension that has higher priority for
setting the message catalog than LANG or
LC_ALL.
LC_ALL and
LC_MESSAGES These variables, if set, specify the
notion of native language formatting
style. They are POSIXly correct.
LINGUAS This variable, if set prior to confi-
guration, limits the installed languages
to specific values. It is a space-
separated list of two-letter codes.
Currently, it is hard-coded to a wish
list.
NLSPATH This variable, if set, is used as the
path prefix for message catalogs.
NOTES
This is the Lynx v2.8.3 Release
If you wish to contribute to the further development of
Lynx, subscribe to our mailing list. Send email to
<majordomo@sig.net> with "subscribe lynx-dev" as the only
line in the body of your message.
Send bug reports, comments, suggestions to <lynx-
dev@sig.net> after subscribing.
Unsubscribe by sending email to <majordomo@sig.net> with
"unsubscribe lynx-dev" as the only line in the body of your
message. Do not send the unsubscribe message to the lynx-
dev list, itself.
SEE ALSO
catgets(3), curses(3), environ(7), execve(2), ftp(1),
gettext(GNU), localeconv(3), ncurses(3), setlocale(3),
slang(?), termcap(5), terminfo(5), wget(GNU)
Note that man page availability and section numbering is
somewhat platform dependent, and may vary from the above
references.
A section shown as (GNU), is intended to denote that the to-
pic may be available via an info page, instead of a man page
(i.e., try "info subject", rather than "man subject").
A section shown as (?) denotes that documentation on the to-
pic exists, but is not part of an established documentation
retrieval system (see the distribution files associated with
the topic, or contact your System Administrator for further
information).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lynx has incorporated code from a variety of sources along
the way. The earliest versions of Lynx included code from
Earl Fogel of Computing Services at the University of
Saskatchewan, who implemented HYPERREZ in the Unix environ-
ment. HYPERREZ was developed by Niel Larson of Think.com
and served as the model for the early versions of Lynx.
Those versions also incorporated libraries from the Unix Go-
pher clients developed at the University of Minnesota, and
the later versions of Lynx rely on the WWW client library
code developed by Tim Berners-Lee and the WWW community.
Also a special thanks to Foteos Macrides who ported much of
Lynx to VMS and did or organized most of its development
since the departures of Lou Montulli and Garrett Blythe from
the University of Kansas in the summer of 1994 through the
release of v2.7.2, and to everyone on the net who has con-
tributed to Lynx's development either directly (through
patches, comments or bug reports) or indirectly (through in-
spiration and development of other systems).
AUTHORS
Lou Montulli, Garrett Blythe, Craig Lavender, Michael Grobe,
Charles Rezac
Academic Computing Services
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas 66047
Foteos Macrides
Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research
Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545
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