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NAME
     tex, virtex, initex - text formatting and typesetting

SYNOPSIS
     tex [options] [commands]

DESCRIPTION
     This manual page is not meant to be  exhaustive.   The  com-
     plete  documentation for this version of TeX can be found in
     the info file or manual Web2C: A TeX implementation.

     TeX formats the interspersed text and commands contained  in
     the  named  files  and outputs a typesetter independent file
     (called DVI, which is short for DeVice Independent).   TeX's
     capabilities and language are described in The TeXbook.  TeX
     is normally used with a large body  of  precompiled  macros,
     and  there  are several specific formatting systems, such as
     LaTeX, which require the support of several macro files.

     This version of TeX looks at its command line  to  see  what
     name  it  was called under.  Both initex and virtex are sym-
     links to the tex executable.  When called as initex (or when
     the --ini option is given) it can be used to precompile mac-
     ros into a .fmt file.  When called as virtex it will use the
     plain  format.   When  called under any other name, TeX will
     use that name as the name of the format to use.   For  exam-
     ple,  when  called  as  tex the tex format is used, which is
     identical to the plain format.  The commands defined by  the
     plain  format  are documented in The TeXbook.  Other formats
     that are often available include latex and amstex.

     The commands given on the command line to  the  TeX  program
     are  passed to it as the first input line.  (But it is often
     easier to type extended arguments as the first  input  line,
     since  UNIX  shells  tend to gobble up or misinterpret TeX's
     favorite symbols, like backslashes, unless you quote  them.)
     As  described  in  The TeXbook, that first line should begin
     with a filename, a \controlsequence, or a &formatname.

     The normal usage is to say
          tex paper
     to start processing paper.tex.  The name paper will  be  the
     ``jobname'',  and  is  used in forming output filenames.  If
     TeX doesn't get a filename in the first line, the jobname is
     texput.   When  looking  for  a file, TeX looks for the name
     with and without  the  default  extension  (.tex)  appended,
     unless  the  name already contains that extension.  If paper
     is the ``jobname'', a log of  error  messages,  with  rather
     more detail than normally appears on the screen, will appear
     in paper.log, and the output file will be in paper.dvi.


     TeX will look in the first line of the file paper.tex to see
     if  it begins with the magic sequence %&.  If the first line
     begins with %&format --translate-file tcxname then TeX  will
     use the named format and transation table tcxname to process
     the  source  file.   Either  the  format  name  or  the   --
     translate-file specification may be omitted, but not both.

     The e response to  TeX's  error  prompt  causes  the  system
     default  editor  to  start  up  at  the  current line of the
     current file.  The environment variable TEXEDIT can be  used
     to  change  the  editor  used.  It may contain a string with
     "%s" indicating where the filename goes and "%d"  indicating
     where the decimal line number (if any) goes.  For example, a
     TEXEDIT string for emacs can be set with the sh command
          TEXEDIT="emacs +%d %s"; export TEXEDIT

     A convenient file in the  library  is  null.tex,  containing
     nothing.   When  TeX can't find a file it thinks you want to
     input, it keeps asking you for another filename;  responding
     `null'  gets  you out of the loop if you don't want to input
     anything.  You can also type  your  EOF  character  (usually
     control-D).

OPTIONS
     This version of TeX understands the following  command  line
     options.

     --fmt format
          Use format as the  name  of  the  format  to  be  used,
          instead  of  the  name  by which TeX was called or a %&
          line.

     --help
          Print help message and exit.

     --ini
          Be initex, for dumping formats; this is implicitly true
          if the program is called as initex.

     --interaction mode
          Sets the interaction mode.  The  mode  can  be  one  of
          batchmode,  nonstopmode, scrollmode, and errorstopmode.
          The meaning of these modes is the same as that  of  the
          corresponding \commands.

     --ipc
          Send DVI output to a socket as well as the usual output
          file.   Whether  this option is available is the choice
          of the installer.

     --ipc-start
          As --ipc, and starts the server at  the  other  end  as
          well.   Whether  this option is available is the choice
          of the installer.

     --kpathsea-debug bitmask
          Sets path searching debugging flags  according  to  the
          bitmask.  See the Kpathsea manual for details.

     --maketex fmt
          Enable mktexfmt, where fmt must be one of tex or tfm.

     --mltex
          Enable MLTeX extensions.

     --no-maketex fmt
          Disable mktexfmt, where fmt must be one of tex or tfm.

     --output-comment string
          Use string for the DVI  file  comment  instead  of  the
          date.

     --progname name
          Pretend to be program name.  This affects both the for-
          mat used and the search paths.

     --shell-escape
          Enable the \write18{command}  construct.   The  command
          can  be  any  Bourne  shell command.  This construct is
          normally disallowed for security reasons.

     --translate-file tcxname
          Use the tcxname translation table.

     --version
          Print version information and exit.

ENVIRONMENT
     See the Kpathsearch library documentation (the `Path specif-
     ications'  node)  for precise details of how the environment
     variables are used.  The kpsewhich utility can  be  used  to
     query the values of the variables.

     One caveat: In most TeX formats,  you  cannot  use  ~  in  a
     filename  you  give  directly to TeX, because ~ is an active
     character, and hence is expanded, not taken as part  of  the
     filename.   Other  programs,  such  as Metafont, do not have
     this problem.

     TEXMFOUTPUT
          Normally, TeX puts its  output  files  in  the  current
          directory.   If any output file cannot be opened there,
          it tries to open it in the directory specified  in  the
          environment  variable TEXMFOUTPUT.  There is no default
          value for that variable.  For example, if you  say  tex
          paper  and  the  current  directory is not writable, if
          TEXMFOUTPUT has the value /tmp, TeX attempts to  create
          /tmp/paper.log  (and  /tmp/paper.dvi,  if any output is
          produced.)

     TEXINPUTS
          Search path for \input and \openin files.  This  should
          probably start with ``.'', so that user files are found
          before system files.  An empty path component  will  be
          replaced  with the paths defined in the texmf.cnf file.
          For example, set  TEXINPUTS  to  ".:/home/usr/tex:"  to
          prepend  the current direcory and ``/home/user/tex'' to
          the standard search path.

     TEXEDIT
          Command template for switching to editor.  The default,
          usually vi, is set when TeX is compiled.

FILES
     The location of the files mentioned below varies from system
     to  system.   Use  the kpsewhich utility to find their loca-
     tions.

     tex.pool
          Encoded text of TeX's messages.

     texfonts.map
          Filename mapping definitions.

     *.tfm
          Metric files for TeX's fonts.

     *.fmt
          Predigested TeX format (.fmt) files.

     $TEXMFMAIN/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
          The basic macro package described in the TeXbook.

BUGS
     This version of TeX fails to trap arithmetic  overflow  when
     dimensions are added or subtracted.  Cases where this occurs
     are rare, but when it does the generated DVI  file  will  be
     invalid.

SEE ALSO
     mf(1), undump(1),
     Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook, Addison-Wesley, 1986, ISBN  0-
     201-13447-0.
     Leslie Lamport,  LaTeX  -  A  Document  Preparation  System,
     Addison-Wesley, 1985, ISBN 0-201-15790-X.
     K.     Berry,     Eplain:      Expanded      plain      TeX,
     ftp://ftp.cs.umb.edu/pub/tex/eplain/doc.
     Michael Spivak, The Joy of TeX, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley,
     1990, ISBN 0-8218-2997-1.
     TUGboat (the journal of the TeX Users Group).

TRIVIA
     TeX, pronounced properly,  rhymes  with  ``blecchhh.''   The
     proper  spelling in typewriter-like fonts is ``TeX'' and not
     ``TEX'' or ``tex.''

AUTHORS
     TeX was designed by Donald  E.  Knuth,  who  implemented  it
     using  his Web system for Pascal programs.  It was ported to
     Unix at Stanford by Howard Trickey, and at Cornell by  Pavel
     Curtis.  The version now offered with the Unix TeX distribu-
     tion is that generated by the Web to C system (web2c),  ori-
     ginally written by Tomas Rokicki and Tim Morgan.

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