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NAME
     ctrace - C program debugger

SYNOPSIS
     ccttrraaccee [options] [file]

DESCRIPTION
     The ccttrraaccee command allows the user to monitor the sequential
     execution of a C program as each program statement executes.
     The effect is similar to executing a  shell  procedure  with
     the  --xx option.  ccttrraaccee reads the C program in file (or from
     standard input if the user does not specify  file),  inserts
     statements  to  print  the text of each executable statement
     and the values of all variables referenced or modified,  and
     writes  the  modified  program  to the standard output.  The
     output of ccttrraaccee  must  be  placed  into  a  temporary  file
     because  the  cc(1) commands do not allow the use of a pipe.
     This file can then be compiled and executed.

     As each statement in the program executes, it will be listed
     at the terminal, followed by the name and value of any vari-
     ables referenced or modified in the statement;  these  vari-
     able  names  and  values will be followed by any output from
     the statement.  Loops in the trace output are  detected  and
     tracing  is  stopped until the loop is exited or a different
     sequence of statements within the loop is executed.  A warn-
     ing  message  is printed after each 1000 loop cycles to help
     the user detect infinite loops.  The trace  output  goes  to
     the  standard  output so the user can put it into a file for
     examination with an editor or the tail(1) command.

     The options commonly used are:

     --ff functions  Trace only these functions.
     --vv functions  Trace all but these functions.

     The user may want to add to the default formats for printing
     variables.  Long and pointer variables are always printed as
     signed integers.  Pointers  to  character  arrays  are  also
     printed  as  strings  if  appropriate.  cchhaarr, sshhoorrtt, and iinntt
     variables are  also  printed  as  signed  integers  and,  if
     appropriate, as characters.  ddoouubbllee variables are printed as
     floating point numbers in scientific notation.  The user can
     request  that variables be printed in additional formats, if
     appropriate, with these options:

     --oo     Octal
     --xx     Hexadecimal
     --uu     Unsigned
     --ee     Floating point


     These options are used only in special circumstances:

     --ll n   Check n consecutively executed statements for looping
            trace output, instead of the default of 20.  Use 0 to
            get all the trace output from loops.
     --ss     Suppress redundant trace output from  simple  assign-
            ment statements and string copy function calls.  This
            option can hide a bug caused by use of the = operator
            in place of the == operator.
     --tt n   Trace  n  variables  per  statement  instead  of  the
            default  of 10 (the maximum number is 20).  The diag-
            nostics section explains when to use this option.
     --PP     Preprocess the input before tracing it.  The user can
            also use the --DD, --II, and --UU cc(1) options.
     --pp string
            Change the trace print function from the  default  of
            pprriinnttff.   For example, ffpprriinnttff((ssttddeerrrr, would send the
            trace to the standard error output.
     --rr f   Use file f in place of the rruunnttiimmee..cc  trace  function
            package.   This  replacement lets the user change the
            entire print function, instead of just the  name  and
            leading arguments (see the --pp option).
     --VV     Prints version information on the standard error.
     --QQarg  If arg is yy, identification information about  ccttrraaccee
            will  be added to the output files.  This can be use-
            ful for software administration.  Giving  nn  for  arg
            exlicitly  asks for no such information, which is the
            default behavior.

EXAMPLE
     If the file llcc..cc contains this C program:

           11 ##iinncclluuddee <<ssttddiioo..hh>>
           22 mmaaiinn(()) //** ccoouunntt lliinneess iinn iinnppuutt **//
           33 {{
           44   iinntt cc,, nnll;;
           55
           66   nnll == 00;;
           77   wwhhiillee ((((cc == ggeettcchhaarr(()))) !!== EEOOFF))
           88        iiff ((cc == ''\\nn''))
           99             ++++nnll;;
          1100   pprriinnttff((""%%dd\\nn"",, nnll));;
          1111 }}

     these commands and test data are entered:

          cccc llcc..cc
          aa..oouutt
          11
          ((ccnnttll--dd))


     the program will be compiled and executed.   The  output  of
     the program will be the number 22, which is incorrect because
     there is only one line in the test data.  The error in  this
     program  is  common, but subtle.  If the user invokes ccttrraaccee
     with these commands:

          ccttrraaccee llcc..cc >>tteemmpp..cc
          cccc tteemmpp..cc
          aa..oouutt

     the output will be:

           22 mmaaiinn(())
           66   nnll == 00;;
               //** nnll ==== 00 **//
           77   wwhhiillee ((((cc == ggeettcchhaarr(()))) !!== EEOOFF))

     The program is now waiting for input.  If  the  user  enters
     the same test data as before, the output will be:

               //** cc ==== 4499 oorr ''11'' **//
           88        iiff ((cc == ''\\nn''))
                    //** cc ==== 1100 oorr ''\\nn'' **//
           99             ++++nnll;;
                         //** nnll ==== 11 **//
           77   wwhhiillee ((((cc == ggeettcchhaarr(()))) !!== EEOOFF))
               //** cc ==== 1100 oorr ''\\nn'' **//
           88        iiff ((cc == ''\\nn''))
                    //** cc ==== 1100 oorr ''\\nn'' **//
           99             ++++nnll;;
                         //** nnll ==== 22 **//
           77   wwhhiillee ((((cc == ggeettcchhaarr(()))) !!== EEOOFF))

     If an end-of-file character (cntl-d) is entered,  the  final
     output will be:

               //** cc ==== --11 **//
          1100   pprriinnttff((""%%dd\\nn"",, nnll));;
               //** nnll ==== 22 **//22
                rreettuurrnn

     Note the information printed out at the  end  of  the  trace
     line  for  the nnll variable following line 10.  Also note the
     rreettuurrnn comment added by ccttrraaccee at the end of the trace  out-
     put.   This  shows  the  implicit  return at the terminating
     brace in the function.

     The trace output shows that variable cc is assigned the value
     '11'  in  line  7, but in line 8 it has the value '\\nn'.  Once
     user attention is drawn to this iiff statement, he or she will
     probably  realize  that the assignment operator (==) was used
     in place of the equality  operator  (====).   This  error  can
     easily be missed during code reading.

EXECUTION-TIME TRACE CONTROL
     The default operation for ccttrraaccee is to trace the entire pro-
     gram  file,  unless  the  --ff or --vv options are used to trace
     specific functions.  The default operation does not give the
     user statement-by-statement control of the tracing, nor does
     it let the user turn the tracing off and on  when  executing
     the traced program.

     The user can do both of these by adding ctroff() and ctron()
     function  calls  to  the program to turn the tracing off and
     on, respectively, at execution time.  Thus, complex criteria
     can  be  arbitrarily  coded for trace control with iiff state-
     ments, and this code  can  even  be  conditionally  included
     because  ccttrraaccee  defines  the  CCTTRRAACCEE preprocessor variable.
     For example:

          ##iiffddeeff CCTTRRAACCEE
               iiff ((cc ==== ''!!'' &&&& ii >> 11000000))
                    ccttrroonn(());;
          ##eennddiiff

     These functions can also be called from dbx(1) if  they  are
     compiled  with the --gg option.  For example, to trace all but
     lines 7 to 10 in the main function, enter:

          ddbbxx aa..oouutt
          wwhheenn aatt 77 {{ccaallll ccttrrooffff(());;}}
          wwhheenn aatt 77 {{ccaallll ccttrroonn(());;}}
          rruunn

     The trace can be turned off and on by setting  static  vari-
     able ttrr_cctt_ to 00 and 11, respectively.  This on/off option is
     useful if a user is using a debugger that can not call these
     functions directly.

FILES
     rruunnttiimmee..cc      run-time trace package

SEE ALSO
     bfs(1), dbx(1), tail(1), ctype(3C), fclose(3S),  printf(3S),
     string(3C)

DIAGNOSTICS
     This section contains diagnostic messages from  both  ccttrraaccee
     and  cc(1), since the traced code often gets some cccc warning
     messages.  The user can get cccc error messages in  some  rare
     cases, all of which can be avoided.

  ctrace Diagnostics
     wwaarrnniinngg:: ssoommee vvaarriiaabblleess aarree nnoott ttrraacceedd iinn tthhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt
          Only 10 variables are traced in a statement to  prevent
          the C compiler "out of tree space; simplify expression"
          error.  Use the --tt option to increase this number.

     wwaarrnniinngg:: ssttaatteemmeenntt ttoooo lloonngg ttoo ttrraaccee
          This statement is over 400 characters long.  Make  sure
          that tabs are used to indent the code, not spaces.

     ccaannnnoott hhaannddllee pprreepprroocceessssoorr ccooddee,, uussee --PP ooppttiioonn
          This is usually caused  by  ##iiffddeeff/##eennddiiff  preprocessor
          statements  in  the  middle  of  a C statement, or by a
          semicolon at the end of a ##ddeeffiinnee  preprocessor  state-
          ment.

          Split the sequence by removing an eellssee from the middle.

     ppoossssiibbllee ssyynnttaaxx eerrrroorr,, ttrryy --PP ooppttiioonn
          Use the --PP option to preprocess the ccttrraaccee input, along
          with  any  appropriate  --DD,  --II,  and  --UU  preprocessor
          options.


NOTES
     Defining a function with the same name as a system  function
     may  cause  a  syntax  error  if  the number of arguments is
     changed.  Just use a different name.

     ccttrraaccee assumes that BBAADDMMAAGG is a preprocessor macro, and that
     EEOOFF and NNUULLLL are #defined constants.  Declaring any of these
     to be variables, e.g.,  "iinntt  EEOOFF;",  will  cause  a  syntax
     error.

     Pointer values are always treated as pointers  to  character
     strings.

     ccttrraaccee does not know about the components of aggregates like
     structures,  unions,  and arrays.  It cannot choose a format
     to print all the components of an aggregate when an  assign-
     ment  is made to the entire aggregate.  ccttrraaccee may choose to
     print the address of an aggregate or use  the  wrong  format
     (e.g.,  33..114499005500ee--331111  for  a  structure  with  two  integer
     members) when printing the value of an aggregate.

     The loop trace output elimination  is  done  separately  for
     each file of a multi-file program.  Separate output elimina-
     tion can result in functions called from a loop still  being
     traced, or the elimination of trace output from one function
     in a file until another in the same file is called.

---

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Created 1996-2025 by Maxim Chirkov Добавить, Поддержать, Вебмастеру