4. Local Security

4.1. Creating New Accounts

You should make sure you provide user accounts with only the minimal requirements for the task they need to do. If you provide your son (age 10) with an account, you might want him to only have access to a word processor or drawing program, but be unable to delete data that is not his.

Several good rules of thumb when allowing other people legitimate access to your Linux machine:

• Give them the minimal amount of privileges they need.

• Be aware when/where they login from, or should be logging in from.

• Make sure you remove inactive accounts, which you can determine by using the 'last' command and/or checking log files for any activity by the user.

• The use of the same userid on all computers and networks is advisable to ease account maintenance, and permits easier analysis of log data.

• The creation of group user-id's should be absolutely prohibited. User accounts also provide accountability, and this is not possible with group accounts.

4.2. Root Security

The most sought-after account on your machine is the root (superuser) account. This account has authority over the entire machine, which may also include authority over other machines on the network. Remember that you should only use the root account for very short, specific tasks, and should mostly run as a normal user. Even small mistakes made while logged in as the root user can cause problems. The less time you are on with root privileges, the safer you will be.

Several tricks to avoid messing up your own box as root:

• When doing some complex command, try running it first in a non-destructive way...especially commands that use globing: e.g., if you want to do rm foo*.bak, first do ls foo*.bak and make sure you are going to delete the files you think you are. Using echo in place of destructive commands also sometimes works.

• Provide your users with a default alias to the rm command to ask for confirmation for deletion of files.

• Only become root to do single specific tasks. If you find yourself trying to figure out how to do something, go back to a normal user shell until you are sure what needs to be done by root.

• The command path for the root user is very important. The command path (that is, the PATH environment variable) specifies the directories in which the shell searches for programs. Try to limit the command path for the root user as much as possible, and never include . (which means "the current directory") in your PATH. Additionally, never have writable directories in your search path, as this can allow attackers to modify or place new binaries in your search path, allowing them to run as root the next time you run that command.

• Never use the rlogin/rsh/rexec suite of tools (called the r-utilities) as root. They are subject to many sorts of attacks, and are downright dangerous when run as root. Never create a .rhosts file for root.

• The /etc/securetty file contains a list of terminals that root can login from. By default (on Red Hat Linux) this is set to only the local virtual consoles(vtys). Be very wary of adding anything else to this file. You should be able to login remotely as your regular user account and then su if you need to (hopefully over Section 6.4 or other encrypted channel), so there is no need to be able to login directly as root.

• Always be slow and deliberate running as root. Your actions could affect a lot of things. Think before you type!

If you absolutely positively need to allow someone (hopefully very trusted) to have root access to your machine, there are a few tools that can help. sudo allows users to use their password to access a limited set of commands as root. This would allow you to, for instance, let a user be able to eject and mount removable media on your Linux box, but have no other root privileges. sudo also keeps a log of all successful and unsuccessful sudo attempts, allowing you to track down who used what command to do what. For this reason sudo works well even in places where a number of people have root access, because it helps you keep track of changes made.

Although sudo can be used to give specific users specific privileges for specific tasks, it does have several shortcomings. It should be used only for a limited set of tasks, like restarting a server, or adding new users. Any program that offers a shell escape will give root access to a user invoking it via sudo. This includes most editors, for example. Also, a program as innocuous as /bin/cat can be used to overwrite files, which could allow root to be exploited. Consider sudo as a means for accountability, and don't expect it to replace the root user and still be secure.