Партнёры:
Хостинг:
Archive-name: GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part4
------------------------------------------------------------
If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x
$" to get an overview of just the questions. Then, when you want to look
at the text of the answers, just type "C-x $".
To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a
C-r if that doesn't work. Type RET to end the search.
If you have w3-mode installed (see question 111), you can visit ftp and
HTTP uniform resource locators (URLs) by placing the cursor on the URL and
typing M-x w3-follow-url-at-point.
The FAQ is posted in five parts; if you are missing a section or would
prefer to read the FAQ in a single file, see question 22.
------------------------------------------------------------
Major Emacs Lisp Packages, Emacs Extensions, and Related Programs
104: VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support
Author: Kyle Jones <kyle@uunet.uu.net>
Latest version: 6.62
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://ftp.uu.net/networking/mail/vm/vm.tar.gz
Newsgroups and mailing lists:
Informational newsgroup/mailing list:
gnu.emacs.vm.info (newsgroup)
info-vm-request@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
info-vm@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)
Bug reports newsgroup/mailing list:
gnu.emacs.vm.bug (newsgroup)
bug-vm-request@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
bug-vm@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)
NOTE: VM 6 is not guaranteed to work under Emacs 20 (although many people
seem to use it without too much trouble). Users of Emacs 20 might prefer
to use VM 5.97, available from the same FTP site.
105: Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
Author: Barry Warsaw <bwarsaw@cen.com>
Latest version: 3.1 (comes with Emacs 20)
World Wide Web:
http://www.python.org/emacs/supercite.tar.gz
Mailing list:
supercite-request@python.org (for subscriptions)
supercite@python.org (for submissions)
NOTE: Superyank is an old version of Supercite.
106: Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
Author: Dave Gillespie <daveg@csvax.cs.caltech.edu>
Latest version: 2.02f
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/calc-2.02f.tar.gz
NOTE: Unlike Wolfram Research, Dave has never threatened to sue
anyone for having a program with a similar command language to
Calc. :-)
107: VIPER -- vi emulation for Emacs
Since Emacs 19.29, the preferred vi emulation in Emacs is VIPER (M-x
viper-mode RET), which comes with Emacs. It extends and supersedes VIP
(including VIP 4.3) and provides vi emulation at several levels, from one
that closely follows vi to one that departs from vi in several
significant ways.
For Emacs 19.28 and earlier, the following version of VIP is generally
better than the one distributed with Emacs:
Author: Aamod Sane <sane@cs.uiuc.edu>
Latest version: 4.3
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://archive.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/modes/vip-mode.tar.Z
108: AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
Authors: Kresten Krab Thorup <krab@iesd.auc.dk>
and Per Abrahamsen <abraham@iesd.auc.dk>
Latest version: 9.8l
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/packages/auctex/auctex.tar.gz
Mailing list:
auc-tex-request@iesd.auc.dk (for subscriptions)
auc-tex@iesd.auc.dk (for submissions)
auc-tex_mgr@iesd.auc.dk (auc-tex development team)
World Wide Web:
http://www.iesd.auc.dk/~amanda/auctex/
109: BBDB -- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
Maintainer: Matt Simmons <simmonmt@acm.org>
Latest released version: 2.00
Available from:
http://www.netcom.com/~simmonmt/bbdb/index.html
Mailing lists:
info-bbdb-request@xemacs.org (for subscriptions)
info-bbdb@xemacs.org (for submissions)
bbdb-announce-request@xemacs.org (to be informed of new releases)
110: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
Author: Geoff Kuenning <geoff@itcorp.com>
Latest released version: 3.1.20
Anonymous FTP:
Master Sites:
ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/ispell/ispell-3.1.20.tar.gz
Known Mirror Sites:
ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/dicts/ispell/
ftp://ftp.nl.net/pub/textproc/ispell/
World Wide Web:
http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html
NOTE: * Do not ask Geoff to send you the latest version of Ispell.
He does not have free e-mail.
* This Ispell program is distinct from GNU Ispell 4.0. GNU
Ispell 4.0 is no longer a supported product.
111: W3-mode -- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
Author: Bill Perry <wmperry@spry.com>
Latest version: 4.0pre.23
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/elisp/w3/.betas/w3.tar.gz
Mailing lists:
w3-announce-request@indiana.edu (to get announcements of new versions)
w3-beta-request@indiana.edu (for beta-testers of new versions)
w3-dev@indiana.edu (for developers of W3)
112: EDB -- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes
Author: Michael Ernst <mernst@theory.lcs.mit.edu>
Latest version: 1.21
Anonymous FTP:
ftp://theory.lcs.mit.edu/pub/emacs/edb
113: Mailcrypt -- PGP interface within Emacs mail and news
Authors: Patrick J. LoPresti <patl@lcs.mit.edu> and
Jin S. Choi <jin@atype.com>
Maintainer: Len Budney <lbudney@pobox.com>
Latest version: 3.4
Anonymous FTP:
http://www.nb.net/~lbudney/linux/software/mailcrypt/mailcrypt-3.5b6.tar.gz
World Wide Web:
http://www.nb.net/~lbudney/linux/software/mailcrypt.html
114: JDE -- Development environment for Java programming
Author: Paul Kinnucan <paulk@mathworks.com>
Mailing list: jde-subscribe@sunsite.auc.dk
Latest version: 2.1.1
World Wide Web: http://sunsite.auc.dk/jde/
115: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files
Author: Larry Wall <lwall@wall.org> (with GNU modifications)
Latest version: 2.5
Anonymous FTP: See question 92
Changing Key Bindings and Handling Key Binding Problems
116: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
Keys can be bound to commands either interactively or in your .emacs
file. To interactively bind keys for all modes, type
M-x global-set-key RET KEY CMD RET
To bind a key just in the current major mode, type
M-x local-set-key RET KEY CMD RET
See "Key Bindings" in the on-line manual for further details.
To bind keys on starting Emacs or on starting any given mode, use the
following "trick": First bind the key interactively, then immediately
type "C-x ESC ESC C-a C-k C-g". Now, the command needed to bind the key
is in the kill ring, and can be yanked into your .emacs file. If the key
binding is global, no changes to the command are required. For example,
(global-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))
can be placed directly into the .emacs file. If the key binding is
local, the command is used in conjunction with the "add-hook" command.
For example, in tex-mode, a local binding might be
(add-hook 'tex-mode-hook
(function (lambda ()
(local-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))))
NOTE: * Control characters in key sequences, in the form yanked from the
kill ring are given in their graphic form -- i.e., CTRL is shown
as `^', TAB as a set of spaces (usually 8), etc. You may want to
convert these into their vector or string forms.
* If a prefix key of the character sequence to be bound is already
bound as a complete key, then you must unbind it before the new
binding. For example, if "ESC {" is previously bound:
(global-unset-key [?\e ?{]) ;; or
(local-unset-key [?\e ?{])
* Aside from commands and "lambda lists," a vector or string also
can be bound to a key and thus treated as a macro. For example:
(global-set-key [f10] [?\C-x?\e?\e?\C-a?\C-k?\C-g]) ;; or
(global-set-key [f10] "\C-x\e\e\C-a\C-k\C-g")
117: Why does Emacs say "Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters"?
Usually, one of two things has happened. In one case, the control
character in the key sequence has been misspecified (e.g. "C-f" used
instead of "\C-f" within a Lisp expression). In the other case, a
"prefix key" in the keystroke sequence you were trying to bind was
already bound as a "complete key." Historically, the "ESC [" prefix was
usually the problem, in which case you should evaluate either of these
forms before attempting to bind the key sequence:
(global-unset-key [?\e ?[]) ;; or
(global-unset-key "\e[")
118: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
.emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
During startup, Emacs initializes itself according to a given code/file
order. If some of the code executed in your .emacs file needs to be
postponed until the initial terminal or window-system setup code has been
executed but is not, then you will experience this problem (this
code/file execution order is not enforced after startup).
To postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after terminal or
window-system setup, treat the code as a "lambda list" and set the value
of either the "term-setup-hook" or "window-setup-hook" variable to this
"lambda function." For example,
(setq term-setup-hook
(function
(lambda ()
(cond ((string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
(global-set-key [do] 'execute-extended-command))
))))
For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see the
lisp/startup.el file.
119: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
With Emacs 19, functions keys under X are bound like any other key. See
question 116 for details.
120: How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys
emit?
Type "C-h c" then the function or arrow keys. The command will return
either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the Emacs on-line
documentation for an explanation). This works for other keys as well.
121: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?
Emacs is not written using the Xt library by default, so there are no
"translations" to be set. (We aren't sure how to set such translations
if you do build Emacs with Xt; please let us know if you've done this!)
The only way to affect the behavior of keys within Emacs is through
"xmodmap" (outside Emacs) or "define-key" (inside Emacs). The
"define-key" command should be used in conjunction with the
"function-key-map" map. For instance,
(define-key function-key-map [M-tab] [?\M-\t])
defines the "M-TAB" key sequence.
122: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
C-s and C-q are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol. This messes
things up when you're using Emacs, because Emacs binds these keys to
commands by default. Because Emacs won't honor them as flow control
characters, too many of these characters are not passed on and overwhelm
output buffers. Sometimes, intermediate software using XON/XOFF flow
control will prevent Emacs from ever seeing C-s and C-q.
Possible solutions:
* Disable the use of C-s and C-q for flow control.
You need to determine the cause of the flow control.
* your terminal
Your terminal may use XON/XOFF flow control to have time to display
all the characters it receives. For example, VT series terminals do
this. It may be possible to turn this off from a setup menu. For
example, on a VT220 you may select "No XOFF" in the setup menu. This
is also true for some terminal emulation programs on PCs.
When you turn off flow control at the terminal, you will also need to
turn it off at the other end, which might be at the computer you are
logged in to or at some terminal server in between.
If you turn off flow control, characters may be lost; using a printer
connected to the terminal may fail. You may be able to get around
this problem by modifying the "termcap" entry for your terminal to
include extra NUL padding characters.
* a modem
If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using
XON/XOFF flow control. It's not clear how to get around this.
* a router or terminal server
Some network box between the terminal and your computer may be using
XON/XOFF flow control. It may be possible to make it use some other
kind of flow control. You will probably have to ask your local
network experts for help with this.
* tty and/or pty devices
If your connection to Emacs goes through multiple tty and/or pty
devices, they may be using XON/XOFF flow control even when it is not
necessary.
Eirik Fuller <eirik@theory.tn.cornell.edu> writes:
Some versions of "rlogin" (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow
control characters to the remote system to which they connect. On
such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow
control on the local system. Sometimes "rlogin -8" will avoid this
problem.
One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host
(the one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the
stty command, before starting the rlogin process. On many systems,
"stty start u stop u" will do this.
Some versions of "tcsh" will prevent even this from working. One
way around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin,
and issue the stty command to disable flow control from that shell.
Use "stty -ixon" instead of "stty start u stop u" on some systems.
* Make Emacs speak the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
You can make Emacs treat C-s and C-q as flow control characters by
evaluating the form
(enable-flow-control)
to unconditionally enable flow control or
(enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")
(using your terminal names instead of "vt100" or "h19") to enable
selectively. These commands will automatically swap `C-s' and `C-q' to
`C-\' and `C-^'. Variables can be used to change the default swap keys
("flow-control-c-s-replacement" and "flow-control-c-q-replacement").
If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your .emacs
file. If you are fixing this for your entire site, the best place to
put it is in the lisp/site-start.el file. Putting this form in
lisp/default.el has the problem that if the user's .emacs file has an
error, this will prevent lisp/default.el from being loaded and Emacs
may be unusable for the user, even for correcting their .emacs file
(unless they're smart enough to move it to another name).
For further discussion of this issue, read the file PROBLEMS (in the
top-level directory when you unpack the Emacs source).
123: How do I bind `C-s' and `C-q' (or any key) if these keys are filtered
out?
To bind `C-s' and `C-q', use either "enable-flow-control" or
"enable-flow-control-on". See question 122 for usage and implementation
details.
To bind other keys, use "keyboard-translate". See question 126 for usage
details. To do this for an entire site, you should swap the keys in
lisp/site-start.el. See question 122 for an explanation of why
lisp/default.el should not be used.
NOTE: * If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs
actually behaves.
124: Why does the "Backspace" key invoke help?
The "Backspace" key (on most keyboards) generates ASCII code 8. `C-h'
sends the same code. In Emacs by default `C-h' invokes help-command.
This is intended to be easy to remember since the first letter of "help"
is `h'. The easiest solution to this problem is to use `C-h' (and
Backspace) for help and DEL (the Delete key) for deleting the previous
character.
For many people this solution may be problematic:
* They normally use Backspace outside of Emacs for deleting the previous
character. This can be solved by making DEL the command for deleting
the previous character outside of Emacs. On many Unix systems, this
command will remap DEL:
stty erase `^?'
* The person may prefer using the Backspace key for deleting the previous
character because it is more conveniently located on their keyboard or
because they don't even have a separate Delete key. In this case, the
Backspace key should be made to behave like Delete. There are several
methods.
* Some terminals (e.g., VT3## terminals) allow the character generated by
the Backspace key to be changed from a setup menu.
* You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable.
* Under X or on a dumb terminal, it is possible to swap the Backspace and
Delete keys inside Emacs:
(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)
See question 126 for further details of "keyboard-translate".
* Another approach is to switch key bindings and put help on "C-x h"
instead:
(global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
(global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) ;; overrides mark-whole-buffer
Other popular key bindings for help are M-? and "C-x ?".
NOTE: * Don't try to bind DEL to help-command, because there are many
modes that have local bindings of DEL that will interfere.
125: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
Good question!
126: How do I "swap" two keys?
In Emacs 19, you can swap two keys (or key sequences) by using the
"keyboard-translate" function. For example, to turn `C-h' into DEL and
DEL to `C-h', use
(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?) ; translate `C-h' to DEL
(keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h) ; translate DEL to `C-h'.
The first key sequence of the pair after the function identifies what is
produced by the keyboard; the second, what is matched for in the keymaps.
Keyboard translations are not the same as key bindings in keymaps. Emacs
contains numerous keymaps that apply in different situations, but there
is only one set of keyboard translations, and it applies to every
character that Emacs reads from the terminal. Keyboard translations take
place at the lowest level of input processing; the keys that are looked
up in keymaps contain the characters that result from keyboard
translation.
Also see "Keyboard Translations" in the on-line manual.
127: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
On terminals (but not under X), some common "aliases" are:
C-2 or C-SPC for C-@
C-6 for C-^
C-7 or C-S-- for C-_
C-4 for C-\
C-5 for C-]
C-/ for C-?
Often other aliases exist; use the "C-h c" command and try `CTRL' with
all of the digits on your keyboard to see what gets generated. You can
also try the "C-h w" command if you know the name of the command.
128: What if I don't have a Meta key?
Instead of typing "M-a", you can type "ESC a". In fact, Emacs converts
M-a internally into "ESC a" anyway (depending on the value of
meta-prefix-char). Note that you press "Meta" and `a' together, while
you press `ESC', release it, and then press `a'.
129: What if I don't have an Escape key?
Type `C-[' instead. This should send ASCII code 27 just like an Escape
key would. `C-3' may also work on some terminal (but not under X). For
many terminals (notably DEC terminals) `F11' generates ESC. If not, the
following form can be used to bind it:
(define-key function-key-map [f11] [?\e]) ; F11 is the documented ESC
; replacement on DEC terminals.
130: Can I make my "Compose Character" key behave like a Meta key?
On a dumb terminal such as a VT220, no. It is rumored that certain VT220
clones could have their Compose key configured this way. If you're using
X, you might be able to do this with the "xmodmap" program.
131: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
With Emacs 19 you can represent modified function keys in vector format
by adding prefixes to the function key symbol. For example (from the
on-line documentation):
(global-set-key [?\C-x right] 'forward-page)
where "?\C-x" is the Lisp character constant for the character "C-x".
You can use the modifier keys Control, Meta, Hyper, Super, Alt, and Shift
with function keys. To represent these modifiers, prepend the strings
"C-", "M-", "H-", "s-", "A-", and "S-" to the symbol name. Here is how
to make "Hyper-Meta-RIGHT" move forward a word:
(global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word)
NOTE: * Not all modifiers are permitted in all situations. Hyper, Super,
and Alt are available only under X (provided there are such
keys). Non-ASCII keys and mouse events (e.g. "C-=" and
"mouse-1") also fall under this category.
See question 116 for general key binding instructions.
132: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
Try all of these methods before asking for further help:
* You may have big problems using "mwm" as your window manager. {Does
anyone know a good generic solution to allow the use of the Meta key in
Emacs with mwm?}
* For X11: Make sure it really is a Meta key. Use "xev" to find out what
keysym your Meta key generates. It should be either Meta_L or Meta_R.
If it isn't, use xmodmap to fix the situation.
* Make sure the pty the xterm is using is passing 8 bit characters.
"stty -a" (or "stty everything") should show "cs8" somewhere. If it
shows "cs7" instead, use "stty cs8 -istrip" (or "stty pass8") to fix
it.
* If there is an rlogin connection between the xterm and the Emacs, the
"-8" argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8 bits
of every character.
* If the Emacs is running under Ultrix, it is reported that evaluating
(set-input-mode t nil) helps.
* If all else fails, you can make xterm generate "ESC W" when you type
M-W, which is the same conversion Emacs would make if it got the M-W
anyway. In X11R4, the following resource specification will do this:
XTerm.VT100.EightBitInput: false
(This changes the behavior of the insert-eight-bit action.)
With older xterms, you can specify this behavior with a translation:
XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
Meta<KeyPress>: string(0x1b) insert()
You might have to replace "Meta" with "Alt".
133: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0
and 9.x?
This is a result of an internationalization extension in X11R4 and the
fact that HP is now using this extension. Emacs assumes that
XLookupString returns the same result regardless of the Meta key state
which is no longer necessarily true. Until Emacs is fixed, the temporary
kludge is to run this command after each time the X server is started but
preferably before any xterm clients are:
xmodmap -e 'remove mod1 = Mode_switch'
NOTE: This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which
may be undesirable if you actually intend to use them.
Using Emacs with Alternate Character Sets
134: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
Emacs 19 has built-in support for 8-bit characters. Here is an excerpt
from the "European Display" page of the on-line manual:
Some European languages use accented letters and other special symbols.
The ISO 8859 Latin-1 character set defines character codes for many
European languages in the range 160 to 255.
Emacs can display those characters according to Latin-1, provided the
terminal or font in use supports them. The "M-x
standard-display-european" command toggles European character display
mode. With a numeric argument, "M-x standard-display-european" enables
European character display if and only if the argument is positive.
Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by
setting a locale. Emacs handles one common special case of this: if
your locale name for character types contains the string "8859-1" or
"88591", Emacs automatically enables European character display mode
when it starts up.
135: How do I input 8-bit characters?
Again, from the "European Display" page of the on-line manual:
If you enter non-ASCII ISO Latin-1 characters often, you might find ISO
Accents mode convenient. When this minor mode is enabled, the
characters ``', `'', `"', `^', `/' and `~' modify the following letter
by adding the corresponding diacritical mark to it, if possible. To
enable or disable ISO Accents mode, use the command "M-x
iso-accents-mode". This command affects only the current buffer.
To enter one of those six special characters, type the character,
followed by a space. Some of those characters have a corresponding
"dead key" accent character in the ISO Latin-1 character set; to enter
that character, type the corresponding ASCII character twice. For
example, `''' enters the Latin-1 character acute-accent (character code
0264).
136: Where can I get an Emacs that handles kanji, Chinese, or other
character sets?
Emacs 20 now includes many of the features of MULE, the Multilingual
Enhancement of Emacs. See question 84 for information on where to find
and download Emacs.
The original MULE is available at
ftp://sh.wide.ad.jp/JAPAN/mule/mule-19.33-delta.tar.gz
137: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
Emacs 20 supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8), but does not yet
support right-to-left character entry.
Joel M. Hoffman <joel@exc.com> has written a Lisp package called
hebrew.el that allows right-to-left editing of Hebrew. It reportedly
works out of the box with Emacs 19, but requires patches for Emacs 18.
Write to Joel if you want the patches or package.
Hebrew.el requires a Hebrew screen font, but no other Hardware support.
Joel has a screen font for PCs running MS-DOS and Linux.
You might also try to query archie for files named with "hebrew"; several
ftp sites in Israel may also have the necessary files.
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