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5 Editing Text

To configure your system, you need to edit text files. Most of them will be in the /etc directory; and you will need to su to root to be able to change them. You can use the easy ee, but in the long run the text editor vi is worth learning. There is an excellent tutorial on vi in /usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial if you have that installed; otherwise you can get it by FTP to ftp.cdrom.com in the directory FreeBSD/FreeBSD-current/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial.

Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up. Suppose you want to edit /etc/rc.conf. You could just use cd /etc to get to the /etc directory and do:

    # cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig

This would copy rc.conf to rc.conf.orig, and you could later copy rc.conf.orig to rc.conf to recover the original. But even better would be moving (renaming) and then copying back:

    # mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig
    # cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf

because the mv command preserves the original date and owner of the file. You can now edit rc.conf. If you want the original back, you would then mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit (assuming you want to preserve your edited version) and then

    # mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf

to put things back the way they were.

To edit a file, type

    # vi filename

Move through the text with the arrow keys. Esc (the escape key) puts vi in command mode. Here are some commands:

x: delete letter the cursor is on
dd: delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)
i: insert text at the cursor
a: insert text after the cursor

Once you type i or a, you can enter text. Esc puts you back in command mode where you can type

:w: to write your changes to disk and continue editing
:wq: to write and quit
:q!: to quit without saving changes
/text: to move the cursor to text; /Enter (the enter key) to find the next instance of text.
G: to go to the end of the file
nG: to go to line n in the file, where n is a number
Ctrl-L: to redraw the screen
Ctrl-b and Ctrl-f: go back and forward a screen, as they do with more and view.

Practice with vi in your home directory by creating a new file with vi filename and adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up again. vi delivers some surprises because it is really quite complex, and sometimes you will inadvertently issue a command that will do something you do not expect. (Some people actually like vi--it is more powerful than DOS EDIT--find out about the :r command.) Use Esc one or more times to be sure you are in command mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save often with :w, and use :q! to get out and start over (from your last :w) when you need to.

Now you can cd to /etc, su to root, use vi to edit the file /etc/group, and add a user to wheel so the user has root privileges. Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end of the first line in the file, press Esc, and use :wq to write the file to disk and quit. Instantly effective. (You did not put a space after the comma, did you?)

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