The sshd(1M) daemon reads configuration data from /etc/ssh/sshd_config (or the file specified with sshd-f on
the command line). The file contains keyword-value pairs, one per line. A line starting with a hash mark (#) and empty lines are interpreted as comments.
The sshd_config file supports the following keywords. Unless otherwise noted, keywords and their arguments are case-insensitive.
AllowGroups
This keyword can be followed by a number of group names, separated by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for users whose primary group matches one of the patterns. Asterisk (*) and question mark (?) can be used as wildcards in the
patterns. Only group names are valid; a numerical group ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed regardless of the primary group.
AllowTcpForwarding
Specifies whether TCP forwarding is permitted. The default is yes. Disabling TCP forwarding does not improve security unless users are also denied shell access, as they can always install their own forwarders.
AllowUsers
This keyword can be followed by a number of user names, separated by spaces. If specified, login is allowed only for user names that match one of the patterns. Asterisk (*) and question mark (?) can be used as wildcards in the patterns. Only
user names are valid; a numerical user ID is not recognized. By default login is allowed regardless of the user name.
If a specified pattern takes the form user@host then user and host are checked separately, restricting logins to particular users from particular hosts.
AuthorizedKeysFile
Specifies the file that contains the public keys that can be used for user authentication. AuthorizedKeysFile can contain tokens of the form %T, which are substituted during connection set-up. The following tokens are defined: %% is
replaced by a literal %, %h is replaced by the home directory of the user being authenticated and %u is replaced by the username of that user. After expansion, AuthorizedKeysFile is taken to be an absolute path or one
relative to the user's home directory. The default is .ssh/authorized_keys.
Banner
In some jurisdictions, sending a warning message before authentication can be relevant for getting legal protection. The contents of the specified file are sent to the remote user before authentication is allowed. This option is only available for protocol version 2. By default,
no banner is displayed.
Ciphers
Specifies the ciphers allowed for protocol version 2. Multiple ciphers must be comma-separated. The default is:
Sets the number of client alive messages, (see ClientAliveInterval), that can be sent without sshd receiving any messages back from the client. If this threshold is reached while client alive messages are being sent, sshd disconnects
the client, terminating the session. The use of client alive messages is very different from KeepAlive. The client alive messages are sent through the encrypted channel and therefore are not spoofable. The TCP keepalive option enabled by KeepAlive is spoofable.
The client alive mechanism is valuable when a client or server depend on knowing when a connection has become inactive.
The default value is 3. If ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax is left at the default, unresponsive ssh clients are disconnected after approximately 45 seconds.
ClientAliveInterval
Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which, if no data has been received from the client, sshd sends a message through the encrypted channel to request a response from the client. The default is 0, indicating that these messages are not sent to the client.
This option applies only to protocol version 2.
Compression
Controls whether the server allows the client to negotiate the use of compression. The default is yes.
DenyGroups
Can be followed by a number of group names, separated by spaces. Users whose primary group matches one of the patterns are not allowed to log in. Asterisk (*) and question mark (?) can be used as wildcards in the patterns. Only group names
are valid; a numerical group ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed regardless of the primary group.
DenyUsers
Can be followed by a number of user names, separated by spaces. Login is disallowed for user names that match one of the patterns. Asterisk (*) and question mark (?) can be used as wildcards in the patterns. Only user names are valid; a numerical
user ID is not recognized. By default, login is allowed regardless of the user name.
If a specified pattern takes the form user@host then user and host are checked separately, disallowing logins to particular users from particular hosts.
GatewayPorts
Specifies whether remote hosts are allowed to connect to ports forwarded for the client. By default, sshd binds remote port forwardings to the loopback address. This prevents other remote hosts from connecting to forwarded ports. GatewayPorts can
be used to specify that sshd should bind remote port forwardings to the wildcard address, thus allowing remote hosts to connect to forwarded ports.
The argument can be no to force remote port forwardings to be available to the local host only, yes to force remote port forwardings to bind to the wildcard address, or clientspecified to allow the client to select the address to which
the forwarding is bound. The default is no. See also RemoteForward in ssh_config(4).
GSSAPIAuthentication
Enables/disables GSS-API user authentication. The default is yes.
Currently sshd authorizes client user principals to user accounts as follows: if the principal name matches the requested user account, then the principal is authorized. Otherwise, GSS-API authentication fails.
GSSAPIKeyExchange
Enables/disables GSS-API-authenticated key exchanges. The default is yes.
This option also enables the use of the GSS-API to authenticate the user to server after the key exchange. GSS-API key exchange can succeed but the subsequent authentication using the GSS-API fail if the server does not authorize the user's GSS principal name to the target user account.
Currently sshd authorizes client user principals to user accounts as follows: if the principal name matches the requested user account, then the principal is authorized. Otherwise, GSS-API authentication fails.
GSSAPIStoreDelegatedCredentials
Enables/disables the use of delegated GSS-API credentials on the server-side. The default is yes.
Specifically, this option, when enabled, causes the server to store delegated GSS-API credentials in the user's default GSS-API credential store (which for the Kerberos V mechanism means /tmp/krb5cc_<uid>).
Note -
sshd does not take any steps to explicitly destroy stored delegated GSS-API credentials upon logout. It is the responsibility of PAM modules to destroy credentials associated with a session.
HostbasedAuthentication
Specifies whether to try rhosts-based authentication with public key authentication. The argument must be yes or no. The default is no. This option applies to protocol version 2 only and is similar to RhostsRSAAuthentication. See sshd(1M) for guidelines on setting up host-based authentication.
HostbasedUsesNameFromPacketOnly
Controls which hostname is searched for in the files ~/.shosts, /etc/shosts.equiv, and /etc/hosts.equiv. If this parameter is set to yes, the server uses the name the client claimed for itself and
signed with that host's key. If set to no, the default, the server uses the name to which the client's IP address resolves.
Setting this parameter to no disables host-based authentication when using NAT or when the client gets to the server indirectly through a port-forwarding firewall.
HostKey
Specifies the file containing the private host key used by SSH. The default is /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key for protocol version 1, and /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key for protocol version 2. sshd refuses to use a file if it is group/world-accessible. It is possible to have multiple host key files. rsa1 keys are used for version 1 and dsa or rsa are used for version 2 of the SSH protocol.
IgnoreRhosts
Specifies that .rhosts and .shosts files are not used in authentication. /etc/hosts.equiv and /etc/shosts.equiv are still used. The default is yes. This parameter applies to both
protocol versions 1 and 2.
IgnoreUserKnownHosts
Specifies whether sshd should ignore the user's $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts during RhostsRSAAuthentication. The default is no. This parameter applies to both protocol versions 1 and 2.
KbdInteractiveAuthentication
Specifies whether authentication by means of the "keyboard-interactive" authentication method (and PAM) is allowed. Defaults to yes. (Deprecated: this parameter can only be set to yes.)
KeepAlive
Specifies whether the system should send keepalive messages to the other side. If they are sent, death of the connection or crash of one of the machines is properly noticed. However, this means that connections die if the route is down temporarily, which can be an annoyance. On
the other hand, if keepalives are not sent, sessions can hang indefinitely on the server, leaving ghost users and consuming server resources.
The default is yes (to send keepalives), and the server notices if the network goes down or the client host reboots. This avoids infinitely hanging sessions.
To disable keepalives, the value should be set to no in both the server and the client configuration files.
KeyRegenerationInterval
In protocol version 1, the ephemeral server key is automatically regenerated after this many seconds (if it has been used). The purpose of regeneration is to prevent decrypting captured sessions by later breaking into the machine and stealing the keys. The key is never stored anywhere.
If the value is 0, the key is never regenerated. The default is 3600 (seconds).
ListenAddress
Specifies what local address sshd should listen on. The following forms can be used:
If port is not specified, sshd listens on the address and all prior Port options specified. The default is to listen on all local addresses. Multiple ListenAddress options are permitted. Additionally, any Port options must precede this option for non-port qualified addresses.
The default is to listen on all local addresses. Multiple options of this type are permitted. Additionally, the Ports options must precede this option.
LoginGraceTime
The server disconnects after this time (in seconds) if the user has not successfully logged in. If the value is 0, there is no time limit. The default is 120 (seconds).
LogLevel
Gives the verbosity level that is used when logging messages from sshd. The possible values are: QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, and DEBUG3. The default is INFO. DEBUG2 and DEBUG3 each specify higher levels of debugging output. Logging with level DEBUG violates the privacy of users and is not recommended.
LookupClientHostnames
Specifies whether or not to lookup the names of client's addresses. Defaults to yes.
MACs
Specifies the available MAC (message authentication code) algorithms. The MAC algorithm is used in protocol version 2 for data integrity protection. Multiple algorithms must be comma-separated. The default is hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,hmac-sha1-96,hmac-md5-96.
MaxStartups
Specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to the sshd daemon. Additional connections are dropped until authentication succeeds or the LoginGraceTime expires for a connection. The default is 10.
Alternatively, random early drop can be enabled by specifying the three colon-separated values start:rate:full (for example, 10:30:60). Referring to this example, sshd refuse connection attempts with a probability of rate/100 (30% in our example) if there are currently 10 (from the start field) unauthenticated connections. The probability increases linearly and all connection attempts are refused
if the number of unauthenticated connections reaches full (60 in our example).
PasswordAuthentication
Specifies whether password authentication is allowed. The default is yes. This option applies to both protocol versions 1 and 2.
PermitEmptyPasswords
When password or keyboard-interactive authentication is allowed, it specifies whether the server allows login to accounts with empty password strings.
If not set then the /etc/default/loginPASSREQ value is used instead.
PASSREQ=no is equivalent to PermitEmptyPasswords yes. PASSREQ=yes is equivalent to PermitEmptyPasswords no. If neither PermitEmptyPasswords or PASSREQ are set the default is no.
PermitRootLogin
Specifies whether the root can log in using ssh(1). The argument must be yes, without-password, forced-commands-only, or no. without-password means that root cannot be authenticated using the "password" or "keyboard-interactive" methods (see description of KbdInteractiveAuthentication). forced-commands-only means
that authentication is allowed only for publickey (for SSHv2, or RSA, for SSHv1) and only if the matching authorized_keys entry for root has a command=<cmd> option.
In Solaris, the default /etc/ssh/sshd_config file is shipped with PermitRootLogin set to no. If unset by the administrator, then CONSOLE parameter from /etc/default/login supplies the default
value as follows: if the CONSOLE parameter is not commented out (it can even be empty, that is, "CONSOLE="), then without-password is used as default value. If CONSOLE is commented out, then the default for PermitRootLogin is yes.
The without-password and forced-commands-only settings are useful for, for example, performing remote administration and backups using trusted public keys for authentication of the remote client, without allowing access to the root account using passwords.
PermitUserEnvironment
Specifies whether a user's ~/.ssh/environment on the server side and environment options in the AuthorizedKeysFile file are processed by sshd. The default is no. Enabling environment
processing can enable users to bypass access restrictions in some configurations using mechanisms such as LD_PRELOAD.
Environment setting from a relevant entry in AuthorizedKeysFile file is processed only if the user was authenticated using the public key authentication method. Of the two files used, values of variables set in ~/.ssh/environment are of higher priority.
PidFile
Allows you to specify an alternative to /var/run/sshd.pid, the default file for storing the PID of the sshd listening for connections. See sshd(1M).
Port
Specifies the port number that sshd listens on. The default is 22. Multiple options of this type are permitted. See also ListenAddress.
PrintLastLog
Specifies whether sshd should display the date and time when the user last logged in. The default is yes.
PrintMotd
Specifies whether sshd should display the contents of /etc/motd when a user logs in interactively. (On some systems it is also displayed by the shell or a shell startup file, such as /etc/profile.) The default is yes.
Protocol
Specifies the protocol versions sshd should support in order of preference. The possible values are 1 and 2. Multiple versions must be comma-separated. The default is 2,1. This means that ssh tries
version 2 and falls back to version 1 if version 2 is not available.
PubkeyAuthentication
Specifies whether public key authentication is allowed. The default is yes. This option applies to protocol version 2 only.
RhostsAuthentication
Specifies whether authentication using rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv files is sufficient. Normally, this method should not be permitted because it is insecure. RhostsRSAAuthentication should be used instead, because it performs
RSA-based host authentication in addition to normal rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication. The default is no. This parameter applies only to protocol version 1.
RhostsRSAAuthentication
Specifies whether rhosts or /etc/hosts.equiv authentication together with successful RSA host authentication is allowed. The default is no. This parameter applies only to protocol version 1.
RSAAuthentication
Specifies whether pure RSA authentication is allowed. The default is yes. This option applies to protocol version 1 only.
ServerKeyBits
Defines the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key. The minimum value is 512, and the default is 768.
StrictModes
Specifies whether sshd should check file modes and ownership of the user's files and home directory before accepting login. This is normally desirable because novices sometimes accidentally leave their directory or files world-writable. The default is yes.
Subsystem
Configures an external subsystem (for example, a file transfer daemon). Arguments should be a subsystem name and a command to execute upon subsystem request. The command sftp-server(1M) implements the sftp file transfer subsystem. By default, no subsystems are defined. This option applies to protocol version 2 only.
SyslogFacility
Gives the facility code that is used when logging messages from sshd. The possible values are: DAEMON, USER, AUTH, LOCAL0, LOCAL1, LOCAL2, LOCAL3, LOCAL4, LOCAL5, LOCAL6, and LOCAL7. The default is AUTH.
UseOpenSSLEngine
Specifies whether ssh should use the OpenSSL PKCS#11 engine for off loading cryptographic operations to the Cryptographic Framework. Cryptographic operations are accelerated according to the available installed plug-ins. When no suitable plug-ins are present
this option does not have an effect. The default is yes.
VerifyReverseMapping
Specifies whether sshd should try to verify the remote host name and check that the resolved host name for the remote IP address maps back to the very same IP address. (A yes setting means "verify".) Setting this parameter to no can be useful where DNS servers might be down and thus cause sshd to spend much time trying to resolve the client's IP address to a name. This feature is useful for Internet-facing servers. The default is no.
X11DisplayOffset
Specifies the first display number available for sshd's X11 forwarding. This prevents sshd from interfering with real X11 servers. The default is 10.
X11Forwarding
Specifies whether X11 forwarding is permitted. The default is yes. Disabling X11 forwarding does not improve security in any way, as users can always install their own forwarders.
When X11 forwarding is enabled, there can be additional exposure to the server and to client displays if the sshd proxy display is configured to listen on the wildcard address (see X11UseLocalhost). However, this is not the default. Additionally, the
authentication spoofing and authentication data verification and substitution occur on the client side. The security risk of using X11 forwarding is that the client's X11 display server can be exposed to attack when the ssh client requests forwarding (see the warnings for ForwardX11 in ssh_config(4)). A system administrator who wants to protect clients that expose themselves to attack by unwittingly requesting X11
forwarding, should specify a no setting.
Disabling X11 forwarding does not prevent users from forwarding X11 traffic, as users can always install their own forwarders.
X11UseLocalhost
Specifies whether sshd should bind the X11 forwarding server to the loopback address or to the wildcard address. By default, sshd binds the forwarding server to the loopback address and sets the hostname part of the DISPLAY environment
variable to localhost. This prevents remote hosts from connecting to the proxy display. However, some older X11 clients might not function with this configuration. X11UseLocalhost can be set to no to specify that the forwarding server should
be bound to the wildcard address. The argument must be yes or no. The default is yes.
XAuthLocation
Specifies the location of the xauth(1) program. The default is /usr/X/bin/xauth.
Time Formats
sshd command-line arguments and configuration file options that specify time can be expressed using a sequence of the form: time[qualifier,] where time is a positive integer value and qualifier is one of the following:
<none>
seconds
s | S
seconds
m | M
minutes
h | H
hours
d | D
days
w |
weeks
Each element of the sequence is added together to calculate the total time value. For example:
600
600 seconds (10 minutes)
10m
10 minutes
1h30m
1 hour, 30 minutes (90 minutes)
FILES
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
Contains configuration data for sshd. This file should be writable by root only, but it is recommended (though not necessary) that it be world-readable.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt, and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added recent features, and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support
for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support for privilege separation.
